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  • Enrollment
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    • Middle School
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    • Specialized High Schools
    • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
    • Waitlists
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    • Enrollment Help
    • Family Welcome Centers
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    • Enroll in Charter Schools
    • Learn About Charter Schools
    • How to Enroll in Charter Schools
    • Pre-K Charter Schools
    • Summer
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    • Other Ways to Graduate
    • Learn About Other Ways to Graduate
    • Alternative Middle Schools
    • Young Adult Borough Centers
    • Transfer High Schools
    • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
    • Adult Education (Ages 21 plus)
    • Kindergarten
    • Elementary Admissions Events
    • High School
    • High School Auditions
    • Screened Admissions
    • Assessments for Screened Schools
    • Educational Option (Ed Opt) Admissions Method
    • Types of High Schools
    • Spotlight on Great High School Options
    • Offer Chances
    • Specialized High Schools
    • Discovery Programs
    • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
    • Random Numbers in Admissions
    • Meeting Student Needs
    • Enrollment for LGBTQ and Gender Nonconforming Students
    • Enrollment for Students with Disabilities
    • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
    • Enrollment for Students Learning English
    • Diversity in Admissions
    • Non-Resident Enrollment
    • Transfer High Schools
    • Transfer Schools Guide
    • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
    • Enroll in High School Equivalency Classes (Ages 17-21)
  • Find a School
  • Learning
    • Special Education
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    • Special Education
    • Family Resources
    • The IEP Process
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    • School Settings
    • Preschool to Age 21
    • Help
    • Building Accessibility
    • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
    • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
    • Equitable Services (IESP) Assistance
    • Impartial Hearing Order Implementation
    • Multilingual Learners
    • Annual Parent Teacher Meetings for English Language Learners
    • Bill of Rights for Parents of English Language Learners
    • College-Career Readiness for English Language Learners
    • Community Organizations that Help Multilingual and Immigrant Families
    • English Language Learners
    • Multilingual and Immigrant Student Support Resource Site
    • Multilingual NYC
    • New York State Seal of Biliteracy
    • Programs for English Language Learners
    • Summer for Multilingual Learners
    • Tests for English Language Learners
    • Translated Support for Digital Learning
    • Welcoming and Inclusive Schools for Multilingual and Immigrant Communities
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    • Testing
    • Student Participation Guide
    • NY State English Language Arts Test
    • NY State Math Test
    • NY State Science Test
    • NY State Alternate Assessment
    • NY State High School Regents Exams
    • Tests for English Language Learners
    • World Languages
    • Specialized High School Admissions Test
    • College Entrance Exams
    • Advanced Placement Exams
    • High School Equivalency Exam
    • Periodic Assessments
    • Testing Calendar
    • Arts Commencement Assessments
    • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
    • Student Journey
    • Bridge Coach
    • Career-Connected Learning
    • College and Career Planning
    • Experiential Learning
    • Grade by Grade
    • Grading
    • Graduation Requirements
    • NYC Schools Account
    • Promotion Policy
    • Student Records and Transcripts
    • FutureReadyNYC
    • Advanced Courses
    • Programs
    • Wellness Wednesday NYC
    • Community Schools
    • NYC Great!
    • NYC Urban Ambassadors
    • DREAM Program
    • Medically Necessary Instruction
    • District 79 (Alternate Learning Center)
    • RISE
    • Single Shepherd
    • PROSE
    • Outdoor Learning Initiative
    • NYC Mentoring Program
    • Family Resources
    • Special Education Supports
    • Beyond Access Series
    • The IEP Process
    • Starting the Process
    • Making a Referral
    • Evaluation
    • IEP Meeting
    • The IEP
    • Parent Members
    • Supports and Services
    • Assistive Technology
    • Behavior Supports
    • Related Services
    • Specialized Transportation
    • Other Special Education Services
    • Testing Accommodations
    • Extended School Year Services for July and August
    • Building Accessibility
    • School Settings
    • District Schools
    • Specialized Programs
    • District 75
    • Other Educational Settings
    • Preschool to Age 21
    • Special Education in NYC
    • Preschool Students
    • Kindergarten Students
    • Students with Disabilities and Gifted and Talented
    • Middle School Students
    • High School Students
    • Transition from High School
    • Help
    • Talking About Disability
    • Your Rights
    • Contacts and Resources
    • Special Education Glossary
    • Committees on Special Education
    • Resources for Staff and Providers
    • N.G. by F.E. v. New York City Department of Education, et al.
    • M.G. vs DOE Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
    • J.S.M. vs DOE Notice of Class Action Settlement
    • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
    • Inclusive Schools
    • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
    • Due Process Rights
    • Getting Support
    • Impartial Hearings
    • Mediation
    • Digital Learning Devices
    • Your DOE-loaned Device
    • iPad Fixes
    • Lost or Stolen Devices
    • Device Returns
    • Technical Support for Families
    • Free and Low-Cost Internet Options
    • Applications and Platforms
    • TeachHub
    • One Account for All
    • New York City Schools Account (NYCSA)
    • MySchools
    • SupportHub
    • Google Classroom
    • Microsoft Teams
    • Parent U
    • Zoom
    • iLearnNYC
    • WeLearnNYC
    • WeTeachNYC
    • Tools for Keeping Children Safe Online
    • Arts
    • How to Prepare for a Theater Audition
    • How to Make a Visual Arts Portfolio
    • How to Prepare for a Dance Audition
    • How to Engage with NYC Arts and Cultural Institutions
    • Celebrate DOE Arts
    • 4th Annual NYC Public School Film Festival
    • Health Education
    • Health Education Requirements
    • Literacy
    • Literacy Advisory Council
    • NYC Reads
    • Literacy Resources for Families
    • Math
    • NYC Solves
    • Physical Education
    • Physical Education Requirements
    • Social Studies
    • Current Events
    • Hidden Voices
    • Black History Month
    • Women's History Month
    • Arab American Heritage Month
    • Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month
    • Jewish American Heritage Month
    • Caribbean American Heritage Month
    • Pride Month
    • Juneteenth
    • Hispanic Heritage Month
    • Native American Heritage Month
    • STEM
    • Minecraft Education Challenge
    • College Entrance Exams
    • SAT School Day
    • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
    • How to Prepare for the English Language Arts Section
    • How to Prepare for the Math Section
    • College and Career Planning
    • Applying to College
    • College Awareness Day
    • Exploring Future Careers
    • Paying for College
    • NYC Kids RISE Save for College Program
    • Free College and Career Advising
    • College Information for Immigrant Students
    • College and Career Glossary
    • National Student Clearinghouse Notice and Opt Out Form
    • Experiential Learning
    • Genovesi Environmental Study Center
    • NYC Center for Aerospace and Applied Mathematics
    • Service in Schools
    • Grade by Grade
    • Early Childhood Learning
    • Elementary School Learning
    • Middle School Learning
    • High School Learning
    • NYC Schools Account
    • NYCSA Mobile Application
    • Student Records and Transcripts
    • Requesting Student Records and Transcripts
    • Report Cards
    • Wellness Wednesday NYC
    • Wellness Wednesday NYC Activity
    • Special Education Supports
    • Assistive Technology
    • Occupational Therapy Supports
    • Physical Therapy Supports
    • Speech Therapy Supports
    • Related Services
    • Finding an Independent Provider
    • District 75
    • District 75 Programs
    • Your DOE-loaned Device
    • iPad Data
    • Sign in to Zscaler
    • TeachHub
    • TeachHub Mobile Application
    • Celebrate DOE Arts
    • Celebrate DOE Arts 2020
    • Early Childhood Learning
    • Early Childhood Resources
    • Early Literacy Resources
    • Family Child Care
  • School Life
    • Accessibility at the DOE
    • Health and Wellness
    • Food
    • Transportation
    • Know Your Rights
    • School Environment
    • Safe Schools
    • Special Situations
    • Space and Facilities
    • Accessibility at the DOE
    • Building Accessibility
    • Accessibility Support on iPads and Other Devices
    • Accessibility Statement
    • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
    • Local Law 12
    • Health and Wellness
    • Staying Healthy
    • Health Services
    • Health Requirements to Attend School
    • Immunizations
    • 504 Accommodations
    • Mental Health
    • School-Based Health Centers
    • Sports and Staying Active
    • Condom Availability Program
    • Menstrual Products for Students
    • Food
    • School Meals
    • Menus
    • Food Programs
    • Menu Nutrition Information
    • Charter and Non-Public Schools Food Service
    • Summer Meals
    • Transportation
    • Transportation Overview
    • Transportation Eligibility
    • Student OMNY Cards
    • Pre-K and Early Intervention Bus Companies
    • Bus Companies for School Age Children
    • Transportation Guide
    • Safe Travel Tips
    • Family Responsibilities and Expectations
    • Transportation Rights
    • Weather Emergency Procedures
    • Contact Information
    • Know Your Rights
    • Chancellor's Regulations
    • Discipline Code
    • Parents' Bill of Rights
    • Parents' Bill of Rights for Data Privacy and Security
    • Other Policies
    • Project Open Arms
    • School Environment
    • NYC Public Schools Speak Your Language
    • Respect for All: Preventing and Addressing Student-to-Student Discrimination, Sexual and Other Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying
    • Digital Citizenship
    • After-School
    • Attendance
    • School Counselors
    • LGBTQ Supports
    • Get Help
    • Get Help at Your Charter School
    • Guidelines on Gender
    • Dress Code Guidelines
    • Immigrant Families
    • Project PIVOT
    • Safe Schools
    • Anti-Hate Hotline/Incident Reporting Pathways
    • Bullying / Respect for All
    • Emergency Readiness
    • Gang Prevention and Intervention
    • Resilient Kids, Safer Schools
    • School Safety
    • Suspensions
    • Special Situations
    • Child Abuse
    • Court-Involved Youth
    • Crisis or Traumatic Event
    • Responding to Behavioral Crises
    • Services for Student Parents
    • Students in Foster Care
    • Students in Temporary Housing
    • Substance Abuse
    • Space and Facilities
    • Building Accessibility
    • Local Law 12
    • Campus Governance
    • District Planning
    • School Buildings
    • Space and Facilities Reports
    • Sustainability
    • School Construction
    • Staying Healthy
    • Allergies
    • Asthma
    • Concussions
    • Diabetes
    • Head Lice
    • Other Health Topics
    • Dental
    • Health Services
    • School Vision Program
    • Sports and Staying Active
    • CHAMPS
    • Public Schools Athletic League
    • School Meals
    • Food Service for Parents and Students
    • Food Service for School Principal and Charter Schools
    • Plant Powered Friday
    • Food Education Roadmap
    • Menus
    • Breakfast Meals
    • Lunch Meals
    • After School Meals
    • Food Benefits
    • Transportation Overview
    • Whats New
    • Transportation Eligibility
    • Exceptions to Transportation Eligibility
    • Respect for All: Preventing and Addressing Student-to-Student Discrimination, Sexual and Other Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying
    • Respect for All Handouts
    • Digital Citizenship
    • Social Media Guidelines for Students 12 and Younger
    • Parent Social Media Guide for Students 12 and Under
    • Social Media Guidelines for Students Over 13
    • Parent Social Media Guide for Students Over 13
    • Cybersecurity Awareness Month
    • LGBTQ Supports
    • Community-based LGBTQ Organizations
    • Get Help
    • Parent Complaints and Appeals
    • Get Help at Your Charter School
    • File a Formal Complaint at Your Charter School
    • Guidelines on Gender
    • Guidelines to Support Transgender and Gender Expansive Students
    • Guidelines on Gender Inclusion
    • Immigrant Families
    • Protocols for NonLocal Law Enforcement
    • School Safety
    • Parent Guide to School Safety and Emergency Preparedness
    • Students in Temporary Housing
    • E.G. v. City of New York (WiFi Case): Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
    • District Planning
    • District Planning Document Library
    • 2024-2025 Data Summaries
    • Space and Facilities Reports
    • Building Ventilation Status
    • Paint Inspections
    • Water Safety
    • Resources for Facilities Staff
    • Health and Safety
    • Sustainability
    • Climate Action Days
    • School Construction
    • Public Art for Public Schools
    • Public Schools Athletic League
    • Moises Jimenez et at v New York City Department of Education (Sports Equity Case): Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
    • Whats New
    • NYC School Bus App
    • File a Formal Complaint at Your Charter School
    • Charter School Authorizers
    • District Planning Document Library
    • Document Library Archive
    • Paint Inspections
    • Bronx
    • Brooklyn
    • Manhattan
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    • Staten Island
  • Get Involved
    • Students
    • Families
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    • NYC Youth Speaks
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    • Student Bill of Rights
    • Working Papers
    • Demographic Survey
    • Families
    • New York City Schools Account
    • Education Councils
    • Family and Community Engagement (FACE)
    • Family and Community Wellness Collective
    • Family Empowerment
    • Guidance on Public Meetings and School Visits
    • Panel for Educational Policy
    • Parent and Parent Teacher Associations
    • Parent-Teacher Conferences
    • School Leadership Team
    • School Wellness Councils
    • Education Councils
    • Community Education Councils
    • Citywide Education Councils
    • Elections 2025
    • Helpful Resources
    • Panel for Educational Policy
    • Panel Members
    • Bylaws
    • Meeting Archives
    • Emergency Declarations
    • Meeting Schedule
    • Special Commissions
    • Panel General Elections
    • Parent and Parent Teacher Associations
    • Vaccine Fundraiser
    • School Leadership Team
    • Comprehensive Education Plans
    • Elections 2025
    • Elections 2025
    • Frequently Asked Questions
    • Campaigning Guidelines
    • Appointee Seats
    • Vacancy Application Forms
    • Equity Council Elections
    • 2023 Election Results
    • Helpful Resources
    • Roles and Responsibilities
    • Technical Training
    • Code of Conduct
    • Monthly Planning Calendar
    • Chancellors Regulations
    • Panel Members
    • Gregory Faulkner, Chairperson
    • Dr. Angela Green, Vice Chairperson
    • Alan Ong, Engagement Committee Chair
    • Thomas Sheppard
    • Marjorie Dienstag
    • Aaron Bogad
    • Maisha Sapp, Contracts Committee Chair
    • Anita Garcia
    • Anthony Giordano
    • Naveed Hasan, Government Affairs Committee Chair
    • Phoebe Sade-Arnold
    • Shirley Aubin, Appeals Committee Chair
    • Venus Sze-Tsang
    • Amy Fair
    • Alice Ho
    • Marielle Ali
    • Adriana Alicea
    • Camille Casaretti
    • Dr. Darling Miramey
  • Calendar
  • TeachHub
  • Employees
  • Enrollment
    • Enroll Grade by Grade
      • Enroll Grade by Grade
      • Learn About Enrollment
      • Infant and Toddler
      • Head Start
      • 3-K
      • Pre-K
      • Kindergarten
        • Kindergarten
        • Elementary Admissions Events
      • Gifted and Talented
      • Middle School
      • High School
        • High School
        • High School Auditions
        • Screened Admissions
        • Assessments for Screened Schools
        • Educational Option (Ed Opt) Admissions Method
        • Types of High Schools
        • Spotlight on Great High School Options
        • Offer Chances
      • Specialized High Schools
        • Specialized High Schools
        • Discovery Programs
      • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
        • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
        • Random Numbers in Admissions
      • Waitlists
      • District 75
    • Enrollment Help
      • Enrollment Help
      • Family Welcome Centers
      • Meeting Student Needs
        • Meeting Student Needs
        • Enrollment for LGBTQ and Gender Nonconforming Students
        • Enrollment for Students with Disabilities
        • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
        • Enrollment for Students Learning English
        • Diversity in Admissions
        • Non-Resident Enrollment
      • New Students
      • Transfers
      • Home Schooling
      • Enrollment Forms
    • Enroll in Charter Schools
      • Enroll in Charter Schools
      • Learn About Charter Schools
      • How to Enroll in Charter Schools
      • Pre-K Charter Schools
    • Summer
      • Summer
      • Summer Rising
    • Other Ways to Graduate
      • Other Ways to Graduate
      • Learn About Other Ways to Graduate
      • Alternative Middle Schools
      • Young Adult Borough Centers
      • Transfer High Schools
        • Transfer High Schools
        • Transfer Schools Guide
      • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
        • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
        • Enroll in High School Equivalency Classes (Ages 17-21)
      • Adult Education (Ages 21 plus)
    • NYC Bright Starts
  • Find a School
  • Learning
    • Special Education
      • Special Education
      • Family Resources
        • Family Resources
        • Special Education Supports
          • Special Education Supports
          • Assistive Technology
          • Occupational Therapy Supports
          • Physical Therapy Supports
          • Speech Therapy Supports
        • Beyond Access Series
      • The IEP Process
        • The IEP Process
        • Starting the Process
        • Making a Referral
        • Evaluation
        • IEP Meeting
        • The IEP
        • Parent Members
      • Supports and Services
        • Supports and Services
        • Assistive Technology
        • Behavior Supports
        • Related Services
          • Related Services
          • Finding an Independent Provider
        • Specialized Transportation
        • Other Special Education Services
        • Testing Accommodations
        • Extended School Year Services for July and August
        • Building Accessibility
      • School Settings
        • School Settings
        • District Schools
        • Specialized Programs
        • District 75
          • District 75
          • District 75 Programs
        • Other Educational Settings
      • Preschool to Age 21
        • Preschool to Age 21
        • Special Education in NYC
        • Preschool Students
        • Kindergarten Students
        • Students with Disabilities and Gifted and Talented
        • Middle School Students
        • High School Students
        • Transition from High School
      • Help
        • Help
        • Talking About Disability
        • Your Rights
        • Contacts and Resources
        • Special Education Glossary
        • Committees on Special Education
        • Resources for Staff and Providers
        • N.G. by F.E. v. New York City Department of Education, et al.
        • M.G. vs DOE Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
        • J.S.M. vs DOE Notice of Class Action Settlement
      • Building Accessibility
      • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
        • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
        • Inclusive Schools
      • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
        • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
        • Due Process Rights
        • Getting Support
        • Impartial Hearings
        • Mediation
      • Equitable Services (IESP) Assistance
      • Impartial Hearing Order Implementation
    • Multilingual Learners
      • Multilingual Learners
      • Annual Parent Teacher Meetings for English Language Learners
      • Bill of Rights for Parents of English Language Learners
      • College-Career Readiness for English Language Learners
      • Community Organizations that Help Multilingual and Immigrant Families
      • English Language Learners
      • Multilingual and Immigrant Student Support Resource Site
      • Multilingual NYC
      • New York State Seal of Biliteracy
      • Programs for English Language Learners
      • Summer for Multilingual Learners
      • Tests for English Language Learners
      • Translated Support for Digital Learning
      • Welcoming and Inclusive Schools for Multilingual and Immigrant Communities
    • Digital Learning
      • Digital Learning
      • Digital Learning Devices
        • Digital Learning Devices
        • Your DOE-loaned Device
          • Your DOE-loaned Device
          • iPad Data
          • Sign in to Zscaler
        • iPad Fixes
        • Lost or Stolen Devices
        • Device Returns
        • Technical Support for Families
        • Free and Low-Cost Internet Options
      • Applications and Platforms
        • Applications and Platforms
        • TeachHub
          • TeachHub
          • TeachHub Mobile Application
        • One Account for All
        • New York City Schools Account (NYCSA)
        • MySchools
        • SupportHub
        • Google Classroom
        • Microsoft Teams
        • Parent U
        • Zoom
        • iLearnNYC
        • WeLearnNYC
        • WeTeachNYC
        • Tools for Keeping Children Safe Online
      • NYCPS Accounts
      • Digital Citizenship
      • Microsoft Software
    • Subjects
      • Subjects
      • Arts
        • Arts
        • How to Prepare for a Theater Audition
        • How to Make a Visual Arts Portfolio
        • How to Prepare for a Dance Audition
        • How to Engage with NYC Arts and Cultural Institutions
        • Celebrate DOE Arts
          • Celebrate DOE Arts
          • Celebrate DOE Arts 2020
        • 4th Annual NYC Public School Film Festival
      • Civics for All
      • Computer Science
      • English Language Arts
      • Health Education
        • Health Education
        • Health Education Requirements
      • Libraries
      • Literacy
        • Literacy
        • Literacy Advisory Council
        • NYC Reads
        • Literacy Resources for Families
      • Math
        • Math
        • NYC Solves
      • Physical Education
        • Physical Education
        • Physical Education Requirements
      • Science
      • Social Studies
        • Social Studies
        • Current Events
        • Hidden Voices
        • Black History Month
        • Women's History Month
        • Arab American Heritage Month
        • Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month
        • Jewish American Heritage Month
        • Caribbean American Heritage Month
        • Pride Month
        • Juneteenth
        • Hispanic Heritage Month
        • Native American Heritage Month
      • STEM
        • STEM
        • Minecraft Education Challenge
    • Testing
      • Testing
      • Student Participation Guide
      • NY State English Language Arts Test
      • NY State Math Test
      • NY State Science Test
      • NY State Alternate Assessment
      • NY State High School Regents Exams
      • Tests for English Language Learners
      • World Languages
      • Specialized High School Admissions Test
      • College Entrance Exams
        • College Entrance Exams
        • SAT School Day
      • Advanced Placement Exams
      • High School Equivalency Exam
      • Periodic Assessments
      • Testing Calendar
      • Arts Commencement Assessments
      • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
        • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
        • How to Prepare for the English Language Arts Section
        • How to Prepare for the Math Section
    • Student Journey
      • Student Journey
      • Bridge Coach
      • Career-Connected Learning
      • College and Career Planning
        • College and Career Planning
        • Applying to College
        • College Awareness Day
        • Exploring Future Careers
        • Paying for College
        • NYC Kids RISE Save for College Program
        • Free College and Career Advising
        • College Information for Immigrant Students
        • College and Career Glossary
        • National Student Clearinghouse Notice and Opt Out Form
      • Experiential Learning
        • Experiential Learning
        • Genovesi Environmental Study Center
        • NYC Center for Aerospace and Applied Mathematics
        • Service in Schools
      • Grade by Grade
        • Grade by Grade
        • Early Childhood Learning
          • Early Childhood Learning
          • Early Childhood Resources
          • Early Literacy Resources
          • Family Child Care
        • Elementary School Learning
        • Middle School Learning
        • High School Learning
      • Grading
      • Graduation Requirements
      • NYC Schools Account
        • NYC Schools Account
        • NYCSA Mobile Application
      • Promotion Policy
      • Student Records and Transcripts
        • Student Records and Transcripts
        • Requesting Student Records and Transcripts
        • Report Cards
      • FutureReadyNYC
      • Advanced Courses
    • Programs
      • Programs
      • Wellness Wednesday NYC
        • Wellness Wednesday NYC
        • Wellness Wednesday NYC Activity
      • Community Schools
      • NYC Great!
      • NYC Urban Ambassadors
      • DREAM Program
      • Medically Necessary Instruction
      • District 79 (Alternate Learning Center)
      • RISE
      • Single Shepherd
      • PROSE
      • Outdoor Learning Initiative
      • NYC Mentoring Program
  • School Life
    • Accessibility at the DOE
      • Accessibility at the DOE
      • Building Accessibility
      • Accessibility Support on iPads and Other Devices
      • Accessibility Statement
      • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
      • Local Law 12
    • Health and Wellness
      • Health and Wellness
      • Staying Healthy
        • Staying Healthy
        • Allergies
        • Asthma
        • Concussions
        • Diabetes
        • Head Lice
        • Other Health Topics
        • Dental
      • Health Services
        • Health Services
        • School Vision Program
      • Health Requirements to Attend School
      • Immunizations
      • 504 Accommodations
      • Mental Health
      • School-Based Health Centers
      • Sports and Staying Active
        • Sports and Staying Active
        • CHAMPS
        • Public Schools Athletic League
          • Public Schools Athletic League
          • Moises Jimenez et at v New York City Department of Education (Sports Equity Case): Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
      • Condom Availability Program
      • Menstrual Products for Students
    • Food
      • Food
      • School Meals
        • School Meals
        • Food Service for Parents and Students
        • Food Service for School Principal and Charter Schools
        • Plant Powered Friday
        • Food Education Roadmap
      • Menus
        • Menus
        • Breakfast Meals
        • Lunch Meals
        • After School Meals
        • Food Benefits
      • Food Programs
      • Menu Nutrition Information
      • Charter and Non-Public Schools Food Service
      • Summer Meals
    • Transportation
      • Transportation
      • Transportation Overview
        • Transportation Overview
        • Whats New
          • Whats New
          • NYC School Bus App
      • Transportation Eligibility
        • Transportation Eligibility
        • Exceptions to Transportation Eligibility
      • Student OMNY Cards
      • Pre-K and Early Intervention Bus Companies
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Florence Mills, Queen of Happiness

Published February 28, 2022

Hidden Voices began as a collaboration between the NYC Department of Education and the Museum of the City of New York that was initiated to help City students learn about the countless individuals who are often “hidden” from traditional historical records. Each of the people highlighted in this series has made a positive impact on their communities while serving as outstanding examples of leadership, advocacy, and community service.

Today, we’re highlighting Florence Mills, the groundbreaking Broadway and theater legend who helped break jazz music out of the City’s nightclubs and into popular culture during the Roaring 20s.


Black and white photo of Florence Mills in a ballet costume
Photo by Anthony Barboza/Getty Images. Used under Creative Commons license. Original can be found online.

Florence Mills, also known as the “Queen of Happiness,” was a Black woman who established herself as a breakthrough singer, dancer, and comedian in the segregated world of early Broadway while consistently staying true to the advancement of Black equality.

Mills was a prolific working actor and contributor to American theater. Nicknamed the “Queen of Happiness” for her unique voice, bubbly stage presence, and uninhibited dancing, Mills grew from a childhood in vaudeville to a storied career as an acclaimed singer, dancer, and actor on Broadway and the international stage. The songs Mills popularized and her willingness to sacrifice seemingly lucrative personal opportunities in support of Black art are a testament to her commitment to advancing racial equity throughout her career.

Born in January 1896, Mills was a granddaughter of African victims of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. She was a talented performer from an early age, first appearing on stage at the age of three, and by the age of six, she was touring in cabarets and vaudeville theaters as “Baby Florence” alongside her older sisters in a vaudeville act they named, The Mills Sisters. After her sisters stopped performing, Florence continued to tour. Between 1905 and 1910, Mills’ family moved from Washington D.C. to Chicago and then to New York City as part of the Great Migration (1910–1970), when millions of Black Americans from the South relocated to northern, midwestern, and western cities across the United States in search of work opportunities and safety from racist practices.

Thanks to the Migration, newly-arriving Black people in New York City brought about an explosion of cultural influences to the City following the end of World War I, especially in the arts. This era, known as the Harlem Renaissance, kicked off the rise of jazz music and introduced awestruck audiences to pioneering Black artists like Mills, who had arrived just in time to entertain the throngs of white audiences who packed into Harlem nightclubs in search of the latest jazz hits.

By 1920, Mills had appeared in a variety of traveling shows that featured her singing and dancing, including the Panama Four tour of Canada and the West, and her tour of the South, Midwest, Southwest with the all-Black group, the Tennessee Ten. These tours took place back when traveling Black people faced exclusion from white hotels and restaurants and segregation on public transport. It was during her travels that Mills met her eventual husband, Ulysses “Slow Kid” Thompson, dance director of the Tennessee Ten.

“Always there was the bogy of my color barring the way. That I was able to win through it all was due to sheer determination to rise superior to prejudice.”

– Florence Mills, 1927

In 1921, Mills made her Broadway debut in “Shuffle Along,” the first all-Black Broadway hit show. As the first-ever Broadway production to feature jazz, “Shuffle Along” is considered a landmark in both musical theater and the Harlem Renaissance. The show debuted in an integrated theater back when segregation was still in place, and ran for nearly 500 performances. Thanks to the show’s popularity and broad appeal, as well as Broadway’s status at the premier forum for entertainment at the time, “Shuffle Along” helped contribute to the desegregation of theaters and provided a positive counterpoint to the racist minstrel shows that remained a prominent part of American entertainment at the time. While minstrel shows featured white artists in Blackface performing racist stereotypes of Black people of the era, “Shuffle Along” gave theater-goers an alternative—a love story featuring Black leads—and audiences of all races enthusiastically supported the production.

The show gained national attention, and before long, Mills was invited to perform in Broadway cabarets. When “Shuffle Along” went on a national tour, Mills chose to stay in New York and instead joined the Plantation Revue, an all-Black, off-Broadway show that proved popular among white audiences—so popular, in fact, that by 1922, the Plantation Revue was turned into a successful Broadway show. In 1923, Mills was invited to London to perform in “Dover Street to Dixie,” a mixed-race production with an all-white first act and an all-Black second act. Once again, her talents shone through as she charmed London audiences with her wide-ranging talents. “She owns the house – no audience in the world can resist her,” exclaimed the show’s producer after her London debut.

Throughout her career, Mills was not just out for her own success; she wanted to “give [her] people the opportunity of demonstrating that their talents are equal.” In 1923, she turned down a starring role in “Ziegfeld’s Follies” to be in “From Dixie to Broadway.” At the time, “Follies” was one of the most popular shows on Broadway, and had Mills joined the production, she arguably would have become more famous than she was right at that moment in time. Instead, Mills went against the conventional wisdom of the day and turned down the “Follies” role for a starring role in the new all-Black production, “From Dixie to Broadway.” Mills believed in the power of Black art—so much so, that she was willing to sacrifice guaranteed personal success to support her fellow Black artists. Mills’ decision would eventually prove prescient, as “From Dixie to Broadway” became a smash hit and turned Mills into a household name anyway. She bet on herself and her fellow Black artists, and for that, she was rewarded with fame and personal success on her own terms.

“It has always been my contention that art should draw no color line. It has been the most gratifying experience if my life to find that I am right.”

– Florence Mills

After a year-long run of “From Dixie to Broadway,” Mills changed productions and took the starring role in the hit show, “Lew Leslie’s Blackbirds” at the Alhambra Theater on 126 Street in Harlem. Her biggest hit song, “I’m a Little Blackbird Looking for a Bluebird,” came from that show, and is considered both a love song and a protest of racist injustice. “Blackbirds” ran for six weeks in Harlem, then traveled to Paris and London in 1925. The show was a tremendous success, and Mills was especially loved by the Prince of Wales, who reportedly attended the show more than twenty times and memorized every line. In addition to her theater work, Mills became very active in charity work while in London, including providing money to unhoused people on the Thames Embankment, and promoting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

By 1926, Mills, after having completed more than 300 performances of “Blackbirds” in London, began to suffer from extreme exhaustion. Doctors advised her that she had to stop performing and seek medical attention—she had become ill with tuberculosis. Mills eventually returned to New York for surgery, but sadly, her condition had become too serious.

In 1927, at just 31 years of age, the great Florence Mills passed away. Her funeral at Mother Zion AME Church on West 137 Street in Harlem was attended by thousands, and the funeral procession that followed drew an estimated 150,000 people. Today, Florence Mills’ name is not well known, as she did not live long enough to be recorded or filmed—especially given that she lived prior to the widespread use of recording and film technology. As such, there are no known recordings of Mills’ many performances. Yet, in her short life, she changed American popular culture and impacted Black entertainment for generations to come. Mills’ legacy lives on through songs that were composed in her honor by her adoring contemporaries, including Duke Ellington and Fats Waller, and various theaters and residential buildings named in her honor across the country. She was even commemorated on a postage stamp issued by Grenada.

Florence Mills now lays at rest in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.


Sources

  • Egan, Bill. Florence Mills, Harlem Jazz Queen, Scarecrow Press, 2004
  • “Florence Mills.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Mills
  • “Florence Mills: From Harlem to Broadway.” Hidden Voices: Untold Stories of New York City History, NYC Department of Education, 2019, pgs. 101–105.
  • “The Forgotten Fame of Florence Mills.” National Portrait Gallery, https://npg.si.edu/blog/forgotten-fame-florence-mills.
  • “The Great Migration (1910–1970).” The National Archives, 2021, https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration
  • Levins, Sandy. “Florence Mills: Jazz Age ‘Queen of Happiness,'” Wednesdays Women, 2019, https://wednesdayswomen.com/florence-mills-jazz-age-queen-of-happiness/

Banner photos (left and center) by Bassano Ltd. Used under Creative Commons license. Originals can be found on the National Portrait Gallery’s website.

Right banner photo by General Photographic Agency–Hulton Archive/Getty Images. Used under Creative Commons license. Original can be found online.

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