Skip to Main Content Skip to Main Navigation
Hands Forming a Heart
academics accessibility alert arts backpack calendar camera careers circle-check circle pointing down clock contact envelope Facebook fax file globe globe grades help information link off location lunch Connect Notify NYC Department of Education office worker office worker One Plus Three phone question rss school school-high search sports students Sun transportation Twitter Twitter user Vimeo world information Graduation Hat
file-pdf file-word file-word file-excel file-excel ar bn zh ko ru ur en fr-FR fr-HT es Español

The site navigation utilizes arrow, enter, escape, and space bar key commands. Left and right arrows move across top level links and expand / close menus in sub levels. Up and Down arrows will open main level menus and toggle through sub tier links. Enter and space open menus and escape closes them as well. Tab will move on to the next part of the site rather than go through menu items.

NYC Public Schools stacked logoNYC Public Schools logo
  • Enrollment
    • Enroll Grade by Grade
    • Enrollment Help
    • Enroll in Charter Schools
    • Summer Rising
    • Other Ways to Graduate
    • NYC Bright Starts
    • Enrollment Feedback
    • Enroll Grade by Grade
    • Learn About Enrollment
    • Infant and Toddler
    • Head Start
    • 3-K
    • Pre-K
    • Kindergarten
    • Gifted and Talented
    • Middle School
    • High School
    • Specialized High Schools
    • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
    • Waitlists
    • District 75
    • Enrollment Help
    • Family Welcome Centers
    • Meeting Student Needs
    • New Students
    • Transfers
    • Home Schooling
    • Enrollment Forms
    • Enroll in Charter Schools
    • Learn About Charter Schools
    • How to Enroll in Charter Schools
    • Pre-K Charter Schools
    • Other Ways to Graduate
    • Learn About Other Ways to Graduate
    • Alternative Middle Schools
    • Young Adult Borough Centers
    • Transfer High Schools
    • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
    • Adult Education (Ages 21 plus)
    • Kindergarten
    • Elementary Admissions Events
    • High School
    • High School Auditions
    • Screened Admissions
    • Assessments for Screened Schools
    • Educational Option (Ed Opt) Admissions Method
    • Types of High Schools
    • Spotlight on Great High School Options
    • Offer Chances
    • Specialized High Schools
    • Discovery Programs
    • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
    • Random Numbers in Admissions
    • Meeting Student Needs
    • Enrollment for LGBTQ and Gender Nonconforming Students
    • Enrollment for Students with Disabilities
    • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
    • Enrollment for Students Learning English
    • Diversity in Admissions
    • Non-Resident Enrollment
    • Transfer High Schools
    • Transfer Schools Guide
    • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
    • Enroll in High School Equivalency Classes (Ages 17-21)
  • Find a School
  • Learning
    • Special Education
    • Multilingual Learners
    • Digital Learning
    • Subjects
    • Testing
    • Student Journey
    • Programs
    • Special Education
    • Family Resources
    • The IEP Process
    • Supports and Services
    • School Settings
    • Preschool to Age 21
    • Help
    • Building Accessibility
    • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
    • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
    • Equitable Services (IESP) Assistance
    • Impartial Hearing Order Implementation
    • Multilingual Learners
    • Annual Parent Teacher Meetings for English Language Learners
    • Bill of Rights for Parents of English Language Learners
    • College-Career Readiness for English Language Learners
    • Community Organizations that Help Multilingual and Immigrant Families
    • English Language Learners
    • Multilingual and Immigrant Student Support Resource Site
    • Multilingual NYC
    • New York State Seal of Biliteracy
    • Programs for English Language Learners
    • Summer for Multilingual Learners
    • Tests for English Language Learners
    • Translated Support for Digital Learning
    • Welcoming and Inclusive Schools for Multilingual and Immigrant Communities
    • Digital Learning
    • Digital Learning Devices
    • Applications and Platforms
    • NYCPS Accounts
    • Digital Citizenship
    • Microsoft Software
    • Subjects
    • Arts
    • Civics for All
    • Computer Science
    • English Language Arts
    • Health Education
    • Libraries
    • Literacy
    • Math
    • Physical Education
    • Science
    • Social Studies
    • STEM
    • Testing
    • Student Participation Guide
    • NY State English Language Arts Test
    • NY State Math Test
    • NY State Science Test
    • NY State Alternate Assessment
    • NY State High School Regents Exams
    • Tests for English Language Learners
    • World Languages
    • Specialized High School Admissions Test
    • College Entrance Exams
    • Advanced Placement Exams
    • High School Equivalency Exam
    • Periodic Assessments
    • Testing Calendar
    • Arts Commencement Assessments
    • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
    • Student Journey
    • Bridge Coach
    • Career-Connected Learning
    • College and Career Planning
    • Experiential Learning
    • Grade by Grade
    • Grading
    • Graduation Requirements
    • NYC Schools Account
    • Promotion Policy
    • Student Records and Transcripts
    • FutureReadyNYC
    • Advanced Courses
    • Programs
    • Wellness Wednesday NYC
    • Community Schools
    • NYC Great!
    • NYC Urban Ambassadors
    • DREAM Program
    • Medically Necessary Instruction
    • District 79 (Alternate Learning Center)
    • RISE
    • Single Shepherd
    • PROSE
    • Outdoor Learning Initiative
    • NYC Mentoring Program
    • Family Resources
    • Special Education Supports
    • Beyond Access Series
    • The IEP Process
    • Starting the Process
    • Making a Referral
    • Evaluation
    • IEP Meeting
    • The IEP
    • Parent Members
    • Supports and Services
    • Assistive Technology
    • Behavior Supports
    • Related Services
    • Specialized Transportation
    • Other Special Education Services
    • Testing Accommodations
    • Extended School Year Services for July and August
    • Building Accessibility
    • School Settings
    • District Schools
    • Specialized Programs
    • District 75
    • Other Educational Settings
    • Preschool to Age 21
    • Special Education in NYC
    • Preschool Students
    • Kindergarten Students
    • Students with Disabilities and Gifted and Talented
    • Middle School Students
    • High School Students
    • Transition from High School
    • Help
    • Talking About Disability
    • Your Rights
    • Contacts and Resources
    • Special Education Glossary
    • Committees on Special Education
    • Resources for Staff and Providers
    • N.G. by F.E. v. New York City Department of Education, et al.
    • M.G. vs DOE Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
    • J.S.M. vs DOE Notice of Class Action Settlement
    • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
    • Inclusive Schools
    • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
    • Due Process Rights
    • Getting Support
    • Impartial Hearings
    • Mediation
    • Digital Learning Devices
    • Your DOE-loaned Device
    • iPad Fixes
    • Lost or Stolen Devices
    • Device Returns
    • Technical Support for Families
    • Free and Low-Cost Internet Options
    • Applications and Platforms
    • TeachHub
    • One Account for All
    • New York City Schools Account (NYCSA)
    • MySchools
    • SupportHub
    • Google Classroom
    • Microsoft Teams
    • Parent U
    • Zoom
    • iLearnNYC
    • WeLearnNYC
    • WeTeachNYC
    • Tools for Keeping Children Safe Online
    • Arts
    • How to Prepare for a Theater Audition
    • How to Make a Visual Arts Portfolio
    • How to Prepare for a Dance Audition
    • How to Engage with NYC Arts and Cultural Institutions
    • Celebrate DOE Arts
    • 4th Annual NYC Public School Film Festival
    • Health Education
    • Health Education Requirements
    • Literacy
    • Literacy Advisory Council
    • NYC Reads
    • Literacy Resources for Families
    • Math
    • NYC Solves
    • Physical Education
    • Physical Education Requirements
    • Social Studies
    • Current Events
    • Hidden Voices
    • Black History Month
    • Women's History Month
    • Arab American Heritage Month
    • Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month
    • Jewish American Heritage Month
    • Caribbean American Heritage Month
    • Pride Month
    • Juneteenth
    • Hispanic Heritage Month
    • Native American Heritage Month
    • STEM
    • Minecraft Education Challenge
    • College Entrance Exams
    • SAT School Day
    • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
    • How to Prepare for the English Language Arts Section
    • How to Prepare for the Math Section
    • College and Career Planning
    • Applying to College
    • College Awareness Day
    • Exploring Future Careers
    • Paying for College
    • NYC Kids RISE Save for College Program
    • Free College and Career Advising
    • College Information for Immigrant Students
    • College and Career Glossary
    • National Student Clearinghouse Notice and Opt Out Form
    • Experiential Learning
    • Genovesi Environmental Study Center
    • NYC Center for Aerospace and Applied Mathematics
    • Service in Schools
    • Grade by Grade
    • Early Childhood Learning
    • Elementary School Learning
    • Middle School Learning
    • High School Learning
    • NYC Schools Account
    • NYCSA Mobile Application
    • Student Records and Transcripts
    • Requesting Student Records and Transcripts
    • Report Cards
    • Wellness Wednesday NYC
    • Wellness Wednesday NYC Activity
    • Special Education Supports
    • Assistive Technology
    • Occupational Therapy Supports
    • Physical Therapy Supports
    • Speech Therapy Supports
    • Related Services
    • Finding an Independent Provider
    • District 75
    • District 75 Programs
    • Your DOE-loaned Device
    • iPad Data
    • Sign in to Zscaler
    • TeachHub
    • TeachHub Mobile Application
    • Celebrate DOE Arts
    • Celebrate DOE Arts 2020
    • Early Childhood Learning
    • Early Childhood Resources
    • Early Literacy Resources
    • Family Child Care
  • School Life
    • Accessibility at the DOE
    • Health and Wellness
    • Food
    • Transportation
    • Know Your Rights
    • School Environment
    • Safe Schools
    • Special Situations
    • Space and Facilities
    • Summer 101
    • Accessibility at the DOE
    • Building Accessibility
    • Accessibility Support on iPads and Other Devices
    • Accessibility Statement
    • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
    • Local Law 12
    • Health and Wellness
    • Staying Healthy
    • Health Services
    • Health Requirements to Attend School
    • Immunizations
    • 504 Accommodations
    • Mental Health
    • School-Based Health Centers
    • Sports and Staying Active
    • Condom Availability Program
    • Menstrual Products for Students
    • Food
    • School Meals
    • Menus
    • Food Programs
    • Menu Nutrition Information
    • Charter and Non-Public Schools Food Service
    • Summer Meals
    • Transportation
    • Transportation Overview
    • Transportation Eligibility
    • Student OMNY Cards
    • Summer Transportation
    • Pre-K and Early Intervention Bus Companies
    • Bus Companies for School Age Children
    • Transportation Guide
    • Safe Travel Tips
    • Family Responsibilities and Expectations
    • Transportation Rights
    • Weather Emergency Procedures
    • Contact Information
    • Know Your Rights
    • Chancellor's Regulations
    • Discipline Code
    • Parents' Bill of Rights
    • Parents' Bill of Rights for Data Privacy and Security
    • Other Policies
    • Project Open Arms
    • School Environment
    • NYC Public Schools Speak Your Language
    • Respect for All: Preventing and Addressing Student-to-Student Discrimination, Sexual and Other Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying
    • Digital Citizenship
    • After-School
    • Attendance
    • School Counselors
    • LGBTQ Supports
    • Get Help
    • Get Help at Your Charter School
    • Guidelines on Gender
    • Dress Code Guidelines
    • Immigrant Families
    • Project PIVOT
    • Safe Schools
    • Anti-Hate Hotline/Incident Reporting Pathways
    • Bullying / Respect for All
    • Emergency Readiness
    • Gang Prevention and Intervention
    • Resilient Kids, Safer Schools
    • School Safety
    • Suspensions
    • Special Situations
    • Child Abuse
    • Court-Involved Youth
    • Crisis or Traumatic Event
    • Responding to Behavioral Crises
    • Services for Student Parents
    • Students in Foster Care
    • Students in Temporary Housing
    • Substance Abuse
    • Space and Facilities
    • Building Accessibility
    • Local Law 12
    • Campus Governance
    • District Planning
    • School Buildings
    • Space and Facilities Reports
    • Sustainability
    • School Construction
    • Staying Healthy
    • Allergies
    • Asthma
    • Concussions
    • Diabetes
    • Head Lice
    • Other Health Topics
    • Dental
    • Health Services
    • School Vision Program
    • Sports and Staying Active
    • CHAMPS
    • Public Schools Athletic League
    • School Meals
    • Food Service for Parents and Students
    • Food Service for School Principal and Charter Schools
    • Plant Powered Friday
    • Food Education Roadmap
    • Menus
    • Breakfast Meals
    • Lunch Meals
    • After School Meals
    • Food Benefits
    • Transportation Overview
    • Whats New
    • Transportation Eligibility
    • Exceptions to Transportation Eligibility
    • Respect for All: Preventing and Addressing Student-to-Student Discrimination, Sexual and Other Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying
    • Respect for All Handouts
    • Digital Citizenship
    • Social Media Guidelines for Students 12 and Younger
    • Parent Social Media Guide for Students 12 and Under
    • Social Media Guidelines for Students Over 13
    • Parent Social Media Guide for Students Over 13
    • Cybersecurity Awareness Month
    • LGBTQ Supports
    • Community-based LGBTQ Organizations
    • Get Help
    • Parent Complaints and Appeals
    • Get Help at Your Charter School
    • File a Formal Complaint at Your Charter School
    • Guidelines on Gender
    • Guidelines to Support Transgender and Gender Expansive Students
    • Guidelines on Gender Inclusion
    • Immigrant Families
    • Protocols for NonLocal Law Enforcement
    • School Safety
    • Parent Guide to School Safety and Emergency Preparedness
    • Students in Temporary Housing
    • E.G. v. City of New York (WiFi Case): Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
    • District Planning
    • District Planning Document Library
    • 2024-2025 Data Summaries
    • Space and Facilities Reports
    • Building Ventilation Status
    • Paint Inspections
    • Water Safety
    • Resources for Facilities Staff
    • Health and Safety
    • Sustainability
    • Climate Action Days
    • School Construction
    • Public Art for Public Schools
    • Public Schools Athletic League
    • Moises Jimenez et at v New York City Department of Education (Sports Equity Case): Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
    • Whats New
    • NYC School Bus App
    • File a Formal Complaint at Your Charter School
    • Charter School Authorizers
    • District Planning Document Library
    • Document Library Archive
    • Paint Inspections
    • Bronx
    • Brooklyn
    • Manhattan
    • Queens
    • Staten Island
  • Get Involved
    • Students
    • Families
    • Students
    • NYC Youth Speaks
    • Student Opportunities
    • Student Advisory Councils
    • Student Bill of Rights
    • Working Papers
    • Demographic Survey
    • Families
    • New York City Schools Account
    • Education Councils
    • Family and Community Empowerment (FACE)
    • Family and Community Wellness Collective
    • Family Empowerment
    • Guidance on Public Meetings and School Visits
    • Panel for Educational Policy
    • Parent and Parent Teacher Associations
    • Parent-Teacher Conferences
    • School Leadership Team
    • School Wellness Councils
    • Education Councils
    • Community Education Councils
    • Citywide Education Councils
    • Elections 2025
    • Helpful Resources
    • Panel for Educational Policy
    • Panel Members
    • Governance Bylaws
    • Meeting Archives
    • Emergency Declarations
    • Meeting Schedule
    • Special Commissions
    • Parent and Parent Teacher Associations
    • Vaccine Fundraiser
    • School Leadership Team
    • Comprehensive Education Plans
    • Elections 2025
    • Elections 2025
    • Frequently Asked Questions
    • Campaigning Guidelines
    • Appointee Seats
    • Vacancy Application Forms
    • Equity Council Elections
    • 2023 Election Results
    • Helpful Resources
    • Roles and Responsibilities
    • Technical Training
    • Code of Conduct
    • Monthly Planning Calendar
    • Chancellors Regulations
    • Panel Members
    • Gregory Faulkner, Chairperson
    • Dr. Angela Green, Vice Chairperson
    • Alan Ong, Engagement Committee Chair
    • Thomas Sheppard
    • Marjorie Dienstag
    • Aaron Bogad
    • Maisha Sapp, Contracts Committee Chair
    • Anita Garcia
    • Anthony Giordano
    • Naveed Hasan, Government Affairs Committee Chair
    • Phoebe Sade-Arnold
    • Shirley Aubin, Appeals Committee Chair
    • Venus Sze-Tsang
    • Amy Fair
    • Alice Ho
    • Marielle Ali
    • Adriana Alicea
    • Camille Casaretti
    • Dr. Darling Miramey
  • Calendar
  • TeachHub
  • Employees
  • Enrollment
    • Enroll Grade by Grade
      • Enroll Grade by Grade
      • Learn About Enrollment
      • Infant and Toddler
      • Head Start
      • 3-K
      • Pre-K
      • Kindergarten
        • Kindergarten
        • Elementary Admissions Events
      • Gifted and Talented
      • Middle School
      • High School
        • High School
        • High School Auditions
        • Screened Admissions
        • Assessments for Screened Schools
        • Educational Option (Ed Opt) Admissions Method
        • Types of High Schools
        • Spotlight on Great High School Options
        • Offer Chances
      • Specialized High Schools
        • Specialized High Schools
        • Discovery Programs
      • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
        • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
        • Random Numbers in Admissions
      • Waitlists
      • District 75
    • Enrollment Help
      • Enrollment Help
      • Family Welcome Centers
      • Meeting Student Needs
        • Meeting Student Needs
        • Enrollment for LGBTQ and Gender Nonconforming Students
        • Enrollment for Students with Disabilities
        • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
        • Enrollment for Students Learning English
        • Diversity in Admissions
        • Non-Resident Enrollment
      • New Students
      • Transfers
      • Home Schooling
      • Enrollment Forms
    • Enroll in Charter Schools
      • Enroll in Charter Schools
      • Learn About Charter Schools
      • How to Enroll in Charter Schools
      • Pre-K Charter Schools
    • Summer Rising
    • Other Ways to Graduate
      • Other Ways to Graduate
      • Learn About Other Ways to Graduate
      • Alternative Middle Schools
      • Young Adult Borough Centers
      • Transfer High Schools
        • Transfer High Schools
        • Transfer Schools Guide
      • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
        • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
        • Enroll in High School Equivalency Classes (Ages 17-21)
      • Adult Education (Ages 21 plus)
    • NYC Bright Starts
    • Enrollment Feedback
  • Find a School
  • Learning
    • Special Education
      • Special Education
      • Family Resources
        • Family Resources
        • Special Education Supports
          • Special Education Supports
          • Assistive Technology
          • Occupational Therapy Supports
          • Physical Therapy Supports
          • Speech Therapy Supports
        • Beyond Access Series
      • The IEP Process
        • The IEP Process
        • Starting the Process
        • Making a Referral
        • Evaluation
        • IEP Meeting
        • The IEP
        • Parent Members
      • Supports and Services
        • Supports and Services
        • Assistive Technology
        • Behavior Supports
        • Related Services
          • Related Services
          • Finding an Independent Provider
        • Specialized Transportation
        • Other Special Education Services
        • Testing Accommodations
        • Extended School Year Services for July and August
        • Building Accessibility
      • School Settings
        • School Settings
        • District Schools
        • Specialized Programs
        • District 75
          • District 75
          • District 75 Programs
        • Other Educational Settings
      • Preschool to Age 21
        • Preschool to Age 21
        • Special Education in NYC
        • Preschool Students
        • Kindergarten Students
        • Students with Disabilities and Gifted and Talented
        • Middle School Students
        • High School Students
        • Transition from High School
      • Help
        • Help
        • Talking About Disability
        • Your Rights
        • Contacts and Resources
        • Special Education Glossary
        • Committees on Special Education
        • Resources for Staff and Providers
        • N.G. by F.E. v. New York City Department of Education, et al.
        • M.G. vs DOE Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
        • J.S.M. vs DOE Notice of Class Action Settlement
      • Building Accessibility
      • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
        • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
        • Inclusive Schools
      • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
        • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
        • Due Process Rights
        • Getting Support
        • Impartial Hearings
        • Mediation
      • Equitable Services (IESP) Assistance
      • Impartial Hearing Order Implementation
    • Multilingual Learners
      • Multilingual Learners
      • Annual Parent Teacher Meetings for English Language Learners
      • Bill of Rights for Parents of English Language Learners
      • College-Career Readiness for English Language Learners
      • Community Organizations that Help Multilingual and Immigrant Families
      • English Language Learners
      • Multilingual and Immigrant Student Support Resource Site
      • Multilingual NYC
      • New York State Seal of Biliteracy
      • Programs for English Language Learners
      • Summer for Multilingual Learners
      • Tests for English Language Learners
      • Translated Support for Digital Learning
      • Welcoming and Inclusive Schools for Multilingual and Immigrant Communities
    • Digital Learning
      • Digital Learning
      • Digital Learning Devices
        • Digital Learning Devices
        • Your DOE-loaned Device
          • Your DOE-loaned Device
          • iPad Data
          • Sign in to Zscaler
        • iPad Fixes
        • Lost or Stolen Devices
        • Device Returns
        • Technical Support for Families
        • Free and Low-Cost Internet Options
      • Applications and Platforms
        • Applications and Platforms
        • TeachHub
          • TeachHub
          • TeachHub Mobile Application
        • One Account for All
        • New York City Schools Account (NYCSA)
        • MySchools
        • SupportHub
        • Google Classroom
        • Microsoft Teams
        • Parent U
        • Zoom
        • iLearnNYC
        • WeLearnNYC
        • WeTeachNYC
        • Tools for Keeping Children Safe Online
      • NYCPS Accounts
      • Digital Citizenship
      • Microsoft Software
    • Subjects
      • Subjects
      • Arts
        • Arts
        • How to Prepare for a Theater Audition
        • How to Make a Visual Arts Portfolio
        • How to Prepare for a Dance Audition
        • How to Engage with NYC Arts and Cultural Institutions
        • Celebrate DOE Arts
          • Celebrate DOE Arts
          • Celebrate DOE Arts 2020
        • 4th Annual NYC Public School Film Festival
      • Civics for All
      • Computer Science
      • English Language Arts
      • Health Education
        • Health Education
        • Health Education Requirements
      • Libraries
      • Literacy
        • Literacy
        • Literacy Advisory Council
        • NYC Reads
        • Literacy Resources for Families
      • Math
        • Math
        • NYC Solves
      • Physical Education
        • Physical Education
        • Physical Education Requirements
      • Science
      • Social Studies
        • Social Studies
        • Current Events
        • Hidden Voices
        • Black History Month
        • Women's History Month
        • Arab American Heritage Month
        • Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month
        • Jewish American Heritage Month
        • Caribbean American Heritage Month
        • Pride Month
        • Juneteenth
        • Hispanic Heritage Month
        • Native American Heritage Month
      • STEM
        • STEM
        • Minecraft Education Challenge
    • Testing
      • Testing
      • Student Participation Guide
      • NY State English Language Arts Test
      • NY State Math Test
      • NY State Science Test
      • NY State Alternate Assessment
      • NY State High School Regents Exams
      • Tests for English Language Learners
      • World Languages
      • Specialized High School Admissions Test
      • College Entrance Exams
        • College Entrance Exams
        • SAT School Day
      • Advanced Placement Exams
      • High School Equivalency Exam
      • Periodic Assessments
      • Testing Calendar
      • Arts Commencement Assessments
      • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
        • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
        • How to Prepare for the English Language Arts Section
        • How to Prepare for the Math Section
    • Student Journey
      • Student Journey
      • Bridge Coach
      • Career-Connected Learning
      • College and Career Planning
        • College and Career Planning
        • Applying to College
        • College Awareness Day
        • Exploring Future Careers
        • Paying for College
        • NYC Kids RISE Save for College Program
        • Free College and Career Advising
        • College Information for Immigrant Students
        • College and Career Glossary
        • National Student Clearinghouse Notice and Opt Out Form
      • Experiential Learning
        • Experiential Learning
        • Genovesi Environmental Study Center
        • NYC Center for Aerospace and Applied Mathematics
        • Service in Schools
      • Grade by Grade
        • Grade by Grade
        • Early Childhood Learning
          • Early Childhood Learning
          • Early Childhood Resources
          • Early Literacy Resources
          • Family Child Care
        • Elementary School Learning
        • Middle School Learning
        • High School Learning
      • Grading
      • Graduation Requirements
      • NYC Schools Account
        • NYC Schools Account
        • NYCSA Mobile Application
      • Promotion Policy
      • Student Records and Transcripts
        • Student Records and Transcripts
        • Requesting Student Records and Transcripts
        • Report Cards
      • FutureReadyNYC
      • Advanced Courses
    • Programs
      • Programs
      • Wellness Wednesday NYC
        • Wellness Wednesday NYC
        • Wellness Wednesday NYC Activity
      • Community Schools
      • NYC Great!
      • NYC Urban Ambassadors
      • DREAM Program
      • Medically Necessary Instruction
      • District 79 (Alternate Learning Center)
      • RISE
      • Single Shepherd
      • PROSE
      • Outdoor Learning Initiative
      • NYC Mentoring Program
  • School Life
    • Accessibility at the DOE
      • Accessibility at the DOE
      • Building Accessibility
      • Accessibility Support on iPads and Other Devices
      • Accessibility Statement
      • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
      • Local Law 12
    • Health and Wellness
      • Health and Wellness
      • Staying Healthy
        • Staying Healthy
        • Allergies
        • Asthma
        • Concussions
        • Diabetes
        • Head Lice
        • Other Health Topics
        • Dental
      • Health Services
        • Health Services
        • School Vision Program
      • Health Requirements to Attend School
      • Immunizations
      • 504 Accommodations
      • Mental Health
      • School-Based Health Centers
      • Sports and Staying Active
        • Sports and Staying Active
        • CHAMPS
        • Public Schools Athletic League
          • Public Schools Athletic League
          • Moises Jimenez et at v New York City Department of Education (Sports Equity Case): Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
      • Condom Availability Program
      • Menstrual Products for Students
    • Food
      • Food
      • School Meals
        • School Meals
        • Food Service for Parents and Students
        • Food Service for School Principal and Charter Schools
        • Plant Powered Friday
        • Food Education Roadmap
      • Menus
        • Menus
        • Breakfast Meals
        • Lunch Meals
        • After School Meals
        • Food Benefits
      • Food Programs
      • Menu Nutrition Information
      • Charter and Non-Public Schools Food Service
      • Summer Meals
    • Transportation
      • Transportation
      • Transportation Overview
        • Transportation Overview
        • Whats New
          • Whats New
          • NYC School Bus App
      • Transportation Eligibility
        • Transportation Eligibility
        • Exceptions to Transportation Eligibility
      • Student OMNY Cards
      • Summer Transportation
      • Pre-K and Early Intervention Bus Companies
      • Bus Companies for School Age Children
      • Transportation Guide
      • Safe Travel Tips
      • Family Responsibilities and Expectations
      • Transportation Rights
      • Weather Emergency Procedures
      • Contact Information
    • Know Your Rights
      • Know Your Rights
      • Chancellor's Regulations
      • Discipline Code
      • Parents' Bill of Rights
      • Parents' Bill of Rights for Data Privacy and Security
      • Other Policies
      • Project Open Arms
    • School Environment
      • School Environment
      • NYC Public Schools Speak Your Language
      • Respect for All: Preventing and Addressing Student-to-Student Discrimination, Sexual and Other Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying
        • Respect for All: Preventing and Addressing Student-to-Student Discrimination, Sexual and Other Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying
        • Respect for All Handouts
      • Digital Citizenship
        • Digital Citizenship
        • Social Media Guidelines for Students 12 and Younger
        • Parent Social Media Guide for Students 12 and Under
        • Social Media Guidelines for Students Over 13
        • Parent Social Media Guide for Students Over 13
        • Cybersecurity Awareness Month
      • After-School
      • Attendance
      • School Counselors
      • LGBTQ Supports
        • LGBTQ Supports
        • Community-based LGBTQ Organizations
      • Get Help
        • Get Help
        • Parent Complaints and Appeals
      • Get Help at Your Charter School
        • Get Help at Your Charter School
        • File a Formal Complaint at Your Charter School
          • File a Formal Complaint at Your Charter School
          • Charter School Authorizers
      • Guidelines on Gender
        • Guidelines on Gender
        • Guidelines to Support Transgender and Gender Expansive Students
        • Guidelines on Gender Inclusion
      • Dress Code Guidelines
      • Immigrant Families
        • Immigrant Families
        • Protocols for NonLocal Law Enforcement
      • Project PIVOT
    • Safe Schools
      • Safe Schools
      • Anti-Hate Hotline/Incident Reporting Pathways
      • Bullying / Respect for All
      • Emergency Readiness
      • Gang Prevention and Intervention
      • Resilient Kids, Safer Schools
      • School Safety
        • School Safety
        • Parent Guide to School Safety and Emergency Preparedness
      • Suspensions
    • Special Situations
      • Special Situations
      • Child Abuse
      • Court-Involved Youth
      • Crisis or Traumatic Event
      • Responding to Behavioral Crises
      • Services for Student Parents
      • Students in Foster Care
      • Students in Temporary Housing
        • Students in Temporary Housing
        • E.G. v. City of New York (WiFi Case): Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
      • Substance Abuse
    • Space and Facilities
      • Space and Facilities
      • Building Accessibility
      • Local Law 12
      • Campus Governance
      • District Planning
        • District Planning
        • District Planning Document Library
          • District Planning Document Library
          • Document Library Archive
        • 2024-2025 Data Summaries
      • School Buildings
      • Space and Facilities Reports
        • Space and Facilities Reports
        • Building Ventilation Status
        • Paint Inspections
          • Paint Inspections
          • Bronx
          • Brooklyn
          • Manhattan
          • Queens
          • Staten Island
        • Water Safety
        • Resources for Facilities Staff
        • Health and Safety
      • Sustainability
        • Sustainability
        • Climate Action Days
      • School Construction
        • School Construction
        • Public Art for Public Schools
    • Summer 101
  • Get Involved
    • Students
      • Students
      • NYC Youth Speaks
      • Student Opportunities
      • Student Advisory Councils
      • Student Bill of Rights
      • Working Papers
      • Demographic Survey
    • Families
      • Families
      • New York City Schools Account
      • Education Councils
        • Education Councils
        • Community Education Councils
        • Citywide Education Councils
        • Elections 2025
          • Elections 2025
          • Elections 2025
          • Frequently Asked Questions
          • Campaigning Guidelines
          • Appointee Seats
          • Vacancy Application Forms
          • Equity Council Elections
          • 2023 Election Results
        • Helpful Resources
          • Helpful Resources
          • Roles and Responsibilities
          • Technical Training
          • Code of Conduct
          • Monthly Planning Calendar
          • Chancellors Regulations
      • Family and Community Empowerment (FACE)
      • Family and Community Wellness Collective
      • Family Empowerment
      • Guidance on Public Meetings and School Visits
      • Panel for Educational Policy
        • Panel for Educational Policy
        • Panel Members
          • Panel Members
          • Gregory Faulkner, Chairperson
          • Dr. Angela Green, Vice Chairperson
          • Alan Ong, Engagement Committee Chair
          • Thomas Sheppard
          • Marjorie Dienstag
          • Aaron Bogad
          • Maisha Sapp, Contracts Committee Chair
          • Anita Garcia
          • Anthony Giordano
          • Naveed Hasan, Government Affairs Committee Chair
          • Phoebe Sade-Arnold
          • Shirley Aubin, Appeals Committee Chair
          • Venus Sze-Tsang
          • Amy Fair
          • Alice Ho
          • Marielle Ali
          • Adriana Alicea
          • Camille Casaretti
          • Dr. Darling Miramey
        • Governance Bylaws
        • Meeting Archives
        • Emergency Declarations
        • Meeting Schedule
        • Special Commissions
      • Parent and Parent Teacher Associations
        • Parent and Parent Teacher Associations
        • Vaccine Fundraiser
      • Parent-Teacher Conferences
      • School Leadership Team
        • School Leadership Team
        • Comprehensive Education Plans
      • School Wellness Councils
  • Calendar
  • TeachHub
  • Employees
NYC Department of education
Submit
Multiple languages available
  • Home
  • Learning
  • Subjects
  • Social Studies
  • Hidden Voices
  • Victor H. Green, Creator and Publisher of the ‘Green Book’

Victor H. Green, Creator and Publisher of the ‘Green Book’

Published February 28, 2023

Hidden Voices began as a collaboration between the NYC Department of Education and the Museum of the City of New York that was initiated to help City students learn about the countless individuals who are often “hidden” from traditional historical records. Each of the people highlighted in this series has made a positive impact on their communities while serving as outstanding examples of leadership, advocacy, and community service.

Today, we are featuring Victor Hugo Green, a postal worker from Harlem who created the “Negro Motorist/Travelers’ Green Book”, an annual travel and vacation guide published 1936–67 that helped readers identify and travel to businesses that accepted Black customers back during an era where legalized segregation between the races was the norm. 


Freedom. Mobility. Independence.

These were the promises of one of the 20th century’s most important consumer products: the automobile.

Not long after Ford’s introduction of its groundbreaking Model T in 1908, the automobile transformed life in the United States. By the early 1930s, cars became about as “American” as apple pie and baseball, as millions of Americans across the country bought cars and took to the road for work, school, and leisure.

A family of four sitting inside of a 1950s-era vehicle and smiling
Automobiles, which fueled the Great Migration, provided Black families with a level of mobility and personal freedom that they did not have previously. By the 1950s, almost 500,000 Black families owned at least one car. (Photo by H. Armstrong Roberts. Original can be found online via Getty Images.)

Unfortunately, however, the “freedom” that cars had come to represent at that time was not accessible to all Americans. Just as the country’s economy and transportation infrastructure completely changed following the mass adoption of automobiles, the United States was experiencing the peak of its Jim Crow era—a period of time in American history when laws were enacted in municipalities across the country that required physical segregation between Black and white Americans in public and private spaces.

During this era, many businesses across the country, particularly in the Deep South, were legally required to determine which customers to serve based on the color of their skin. Thanks to segregation, whatever freedom and independence that had been promised to automobile owners during the first half of the 20th century came with conditions and exceptions for many Black Americans across the United States. Roadside businesses that many American drivers took for granted during their road journeys, including hotels, gas stations, restaurants, and bathrooms, would often deny Black travelers access and force them to continue driving for miles before reaching friendlier businesses or locations.

To prepare for travel through these segregated areas, Black families often packed their cars with extra food, water, fuel, blankets, and other amenities so that they did not have enter unfriendly businesses and potentially endanger themselves. Driving through an unknown city, state, or region without prior preparation could be extremely dangerous and even life-threatening—mistakenly stopping in the wrong town or the wrong business could mean the difference between life and death. This was especially true in places called “sundown towns,” where predominantly white communities used threats of violence or death to force Black travelers into leaving. These towns got their names because many of them posted signs that warned Black visitors to leave by sundown, “or else.”

Portrait of Victor H. Green, publisher of the Green Book
Victor Green knew from firsthand experience what traveling across the U.S. was like as Black man—during the 1920s, he managed his brother-in-law, Robert Duke, who toured across the country as a musician.

It was during this period of time that Victor Hugo Green (1892–1960), a postal worker living in Harlem, made the observation that, “For the Negro traveler, whether on business or pleasure, there was always trouble finding suitable accommodation in hotels and guest houses where he would be welcome.”

By 1936, Green said it was time he “thought of doing something about this,” and imagined creating a “listing, as a comprehensive as possible, of all the first-class hotels throughout the United States that catered to negroes.” Inspired by the Jewish Vacation Guide, a guidebook published and used by Jewish Americans at the time to navigate safely around the country in the face of widespread antisemitism, he compiled data on hotels, restaurants, and gas stations located in the New York area that accepted Black travelers, and created the first edition of The Negro Motorist Green Book, which he published later that year.

The purpose of the “Green Book” as it became known colloquially over time, was summed up well in a later edition of the travel guide: in 1949, the book’s introduction pointed out the disparate challenges Black travelers experienced: “If you’re traveling, you don’t have to worry about accommodations—whether this place will take you in or that place will sell you food. That is if you’re white and gentile. If you’re not, you have to travel a careful route like seeking oases in a desert.”

Green’s travel guide came about at the peak of the Great Migration, when more than six million African Americans who moved from the rural south to live and work in northern and western cities. In fact, Green’s wife, Alma Duke, was one of the millions of Americans who made this journey, leaving Virginia for New York. It was after marrying her in 1918 when they first moved to Harlem—where nearly 175,000 African Americans also lived at the time. New arrivals like Alma helped turn Harlem into the largest Black neighborhood in the nation and helped spark the cultural movement known today as the Harlem Renaissance.

Excerpt from the beginning of the 1936 edition of the
This excerpt from the beginning of the 1936 edition of the "Negro Motorist Green Book" hints at the "difficulties" that Jim Crow created for Black drivers of the time.

It is no question that Black culture was thriving in Harlem at the time Green arrived, but the publication of the Green Book, and the massive popularity it would quickly garner, makes clear that northern cities like New York were not altogether welcoming places for Black Americans. It shows that the problems of segregation and Jim Crow laws were not exclusive to the south and that racial discrimination was also deeply prevalent in the northern United States, too.

In fact, the success of Green’s initial travel guide led him to expand his efforts in later editions to account for travelers beyond New York to include cities and towns across most of the United States and even in countries like Mexico and Canada. He would also begin to list different types of businesses, including barbers shops, beauty parlors, tailors, and local attractions, aiming to provide readers with access to all the information they could need about wherever they were going, and whatever they needed when they got there.

From 1936 until its last edition in 1967, the Green Book travel guide was published annually except during World War II. Publication would continue even after Victor Green’s passing in 1960, when his widow, Alma, took over the guide. Before he died, he wrote in the 1948 edition of the book that, “There will be a day sometime in the near future when this guide will not have to be published. That is when we as a race will have equal rights and privileges in the United States. It will be a great day for us to suspend this publication, for then we can go wherever we please…. But until that time comes, we shall continue to publish this information for your convenience each year.”

The final edition was published in 1967, after the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 made discrimination on the basis of race illegal. With Jim Crow and “separate but equal” no longer the law of the land, the publication of the Green Book became, as Green hoped it one day would, unnecessary.

Today, the Schomburg Center at the New York Public Library holds the largest collection of Green Books, available online through their digital collections.


Sources

  • Blakemore, E. “How Automobiles Helped Power the Civil Rights Movement.” Smithsonian Magazine. Available online: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-automobiles-helped-power-civil-rights-movement-180974300
  • Blanke, D. “Rise of the Automobile.” TeachingHistory.org. Available online: https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/beyond-the-textbook/24073
  • Brown, D. L. “Life or Death for Black Travelers: How Fear Led to “The Negro Motorist Green-Book.” The Washington Post, 28 October, 2021. Available online: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/06/01/life-or-death-for-black-travelers-how-fear-led-to-the-negro-motorist-green-book
  • Green, V.H. The Negro Motorist Green Book Collection (1936–1967). Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives, and Rare Books Division, New York Public Library. Available online: https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/the-green-book#/?tab=about
  • “Harlem Renaissance.” History.com, 29 October, 2009. Available online: https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/harlem-renaissance
  • “Harlem’s Victor Hugo Green’s The Green Book.” Harlem World Magazine, 11 August, 2020. Available online: https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/harlems-victor-hugo-greens-the-green-book/
  • Henry, C. A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States: Jim Crow Era. Howard University School of Law, 6 January, 2023. Available online: https://library.law.howard.edu/civilrightshistory/blackrights/jimcrow
  • “The Great Migration.” History.com, 30 August, 2022. Available online: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/great-migration
  • Lockhart, P.R. “A New Documentary Shows How the Real Green Book Helped Black Motorists.” Vox, 25 February, 2019. Available online: https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/2/22/18235335/green-book-guide-to-freedom-documentary-oscars
  • McHugh, J. “The Jewish Travel Guide That Inspired the ‘Green Book.'” The Washington Post, 3 April, 2022. Available online: https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/04/03/jewish-vacation-guide-green-book/
  • “A New African American Identity: The Harlem Renaissance.” National Museum of African American History and Culture at the Smithsonian. Available online: https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/new-african-american-identity-harlem-renaissance
  • Petras, G., and Loehrke, J. “Green Book, in Detail: Learn about Guide that Helped Black Travelers.” USA Today Travel, 19 February, 2021. Available online: https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/travel/2021/02/19/black-history-month-inside-green-book-travel-guide/4357851001/
  • Pickett, N.M. “Victor H. Green—Author and Pioneer: Commemorating 2021 National African American History Month.” Highway History—U.S. Department of Transportation, 2021. Available online: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/green.cfm
  • “Plessy v. Ferguson.” Oyez. Available online: https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/163us537
  • Taylor, C. “Mapping the Green Book.” YouTube, 11 February, 2021. Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIZLDmF_vko
  • Wallenfeldt, J. “The Green Book.” Encyclopedia Brittanica, 19 October, 2022. Available online: https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Green-Book-travel-guide
  • “The U.S. Home Front During World War II.” HISTORY.com, 7 June, 2019. Available online: https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/us-home-front-during-world-war-ii
Images found in banner image, beginning from left to right; Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture; the Victor H. Green & Co.; and Ben Shahn on behalf of the Farm Security Administration.

Technology for families

Students

Access all your DOE applications – TeachHub, Google, iLearnNYC, Microsoft Office, Zoom, and more–from one place.

SupportHub

Need technical support? Visit the SupportHub for answers to common questions and to open a support ticket.

NYC Schools Account (NYCSA)

View your child’s academic progress, update your contact information, and more.

Parent University

Parent University seeks to educate and empower families through free courses, resources, events, and activities.

MySchools

Apply to grades 3-K –12, explore and compare schools, and more.

Expand Footer Collapse Footer
New York City Department of Education

Enrollment

  • Enroll Grade by Grade
  • Enrollment Help
  • Enroll in Charter Schools
  • Summer
  • Other Ways to Graduate

Learning

  • Special Education
  • Multilingual Learners
  • Digital Learning
  • Subjects
  • Testing
  • Student Journey
  • Programs

School Life

  • Accessibility at the DOE
  • Health and Wellness
  • Food
  • Transportation
  • Know Your Rights
  • School Environment
  • Safe Schools
  • Special Situations
  • Space and Facilities

Connect with NYC DOE

  • Employees
  • Careers
  • About Us
  • News
  • Calendar
  • Messages for Families
  • InfoHub
NYC Public Schools logo

Copyright ©  New York City Department of Education.

Sitemap | Privacy Policy
X icon YouTube Facebook Instagram
Follow Us
  • (Open external link)
  • (Open external link)
  • (Open external link)
  • (Open external link)
Top