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  • Enrollment
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    • Middle School
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    • Specialized High Schools
    • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
    • Waitlists
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    • Enrollment Help
    • Family Welcome Centers
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    • Enroll in Charter Schools
    • Learn About Charter Schools
    • How to Enroll in Charter Schools
    • Pre-K Charter Schools
    • Summer
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    • Other Ways to Graduate
    • Learn About Other Ways to Graduate
    • Alternative Middle Schools
    • Young Adult Borough Centers
    • Transfer High Schools
    • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
    • Adult Education (Ages 21 plus)
    • Kindergarten
    • Elementary Admissions Events
    • High School
    • High School Auditions
    • Screened Admissions
    • Assessments for Screened Schools
    • Educational Option (Ed Opt) Admissions Method
    • Types of High Schools
    • Spotlight on Great High School Options
    • Offer Chances
    • Specialized High Schools
    • Discovery Programs
    • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
    • Random Numbers in Admissions
    • Meeting Student Needs
    • Enrollment for LGBTQ and Gender Nonconforming Students
    • Enrollment for Students with Disabilities
    • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
    • Enrollment for Students Learning English
    • Diversity in Admissions
    • Non-Resident Enrollment
    • Transfer High Schools
    • Transfer Schools Guide
    • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
    • Enroll in High School Equivalency Classes (Ages 17-21)
  • Find a School
  • Learning
    • Special Education
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    • Special Education
    • Family Resources
    • The IEP Process
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    • School Settings
    • Preschool to Age 21
    • Help
    • Building Accessibility
    • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
    • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
    • Equitable Services (IESP) Assistance
    • Impartial Hearing Order Implementation
    • Multilingual Learners
    • Annual Parent Teacher Meetings for English Language Learners
    • Bill of Rights for Parents of English Language Learners
    • College-Career Readiness for English Language Learners
    • Community Organizations that Help Multilingual and Immigrant Families
    • English Language Learners
    • Multilingual and Immigrant Student Support Resource Site
    • Multilingual NYC
    • New York State Seal of Biliteracy
    • Programs for English Language Learners
    • Summer for Multilingual Learners
    • Tests for English Language Learners
    • Translated Support for Digital Learning
    • Welcoming and Inclusive Schools for Multilingual and Immigrant Communities
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    • Testing
    • Student Participation Guide
    • NY State English Language Arts Test
    • NY State Math Test
    • NY State Science Test
    • NY State Alternate Assessment
    • NY State High School Regents Exams
    • Tests for English Language Learners
    • World Languages
    • Specialized High School Admissions Test
    • College Entrance Exams
    • Advanced Placement Exams
    • High School Equivalency Exam
    • Periodic Assessments
    • Testing Calendar
    • Arts Commencement Assessments
    • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
    • Student Journey
    • Bridge Coach
    • Career-Connected Learning
    • College and Career Planning
    • Experiential Learning
    • Grade by Grade
    • Grading
    • Graduation Requirements
    • NYC Schools Account
    • Promotion Policy
    • Student Records and Transcripts
    • FutureReadyNYC
    • Advanced Courses
    • Programs
    • Wellness Wednesday NYC
    • Community Schools
    • NYC Great!
    • NYC Urban Ambassadors
    • DREAM Program
    • Medically Necessary Instruction
    • District 79 (Alternate Learning Center)
    • RISE
    • Single Shepherd
    • PROSE
    • Outdoor Learning Initiative
    • NYC Mentoring Program
    • Family Resources
    • Special Education Supports
    • Beyond Access Series
    • The IEP Process
    • Starting the Process
    • Making a Referral
    • Evaluation
    • IEP Meeting
    • The IEP
    • Parent Members
    • Supports and Services
    • Assistive Technology
    • Behavior Supports
    • Related Services
    • Specialized Transportation
    • Other Special Education Services
    • Testing Accommodations
    • Extended School Year Services for July and August
    • Building Accessibility
    • School Settings
    • District Schools
    • Specialized Programs
    • District 75
    • Other Educational Settings
    • Preschool to Age 21
    • Special Education in NYC
    • Preschool Students
    • Kindergarten Students
    • Students with Disabilities and Gifted and Talented
    • Middle School Students
    • High School Students
    • Transition from High School
    • Help
    • Talking About Disability
    • Your Rights
    • Contacts and Resources
    • Special Education Glossary
    • Committees on Special Education
    • Resources for Staff and Providers
    • N.G. by F.E. v. New York City Department of Education, et al.
    • M.G. vs DOE Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
    • J.S.M. vs DOE Notice of Class Action Settlement
    • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
    • Inclusive Schools
    • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
    • Due Process Rights
    • Getting Support
    • Impartial Hearings
    • Mediation
    • Digital Learning Devices
    • Your DOE-loaned Device
    • iPad Fixes
    • Lost or Stolen Devices
    • Device Returns
    • Technical Support for Families
    • Free and Low-Cost Internet Options
    • Applications and Platforms
    • TeachHub
    • One Account for All
    • New York City Schools Account (NYCSA)
    • MySchools
    • SupportHub
    • Google Classroom
    • Microsoft Teams
    • Parent U
    • Zoom
    • iLearnNYC
    • WeLearnNYC
    • WeTeachNYC
    • Tools for Keeping Children Safe Online
    • Arts
    • How to Prepare for a Theater Audition
    • How to Make a Visual Arts Portfolio
    • How to Prepare for a Dance Audition
    • How to Engage with NYC Arts and Cultural Institutions
    • Celebrate DOE Arts
    • 4th Annual NYC Public School Film Festival
    • Health Education
    • Health Education Requirements
    • Literacy
    • Literacy Advisory Council
    • NYC Reads
    • Literacy Resources for Families
    • Math
    • NYC Solves
    • Physical Education
    • Physical Education Requirements
    • Social Studies
    • Current Events
    • Hidden Voices
    • Black History Month
    • Women's History Month
    • Arab American Heritage Month
    • Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month
    • Jewish American Heritage Month
    • Caribbean American Heritage Month
    • Pride Month
    • Juneteenth
    • Hispanic Heritage Month
    • Native American Heritage Month
    • STEM
    • Minecraft Education Challenge
    • College Entrance Exams
    • SAT School Day
    • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
    • How to Prepare for the English Language Arts Section
    • How to Prepare for the Math Section
    • College and Career Planning
    • Applying to College
    • College Awareness Day
    • Exploring Future Careers
    • Paying for College
    • NYC Kids RISE Save for College Program
    • Free College and Career Advising
    • College Information for Immigrant Students
    • College and Career Glossary
    • National Student Clearinghouse Notice and Opt Out Form
    • Experiential Learning
    • Genovesi Environmental Study Center
    • NYC Center for Aerospace and Applied Mathematics
    • Service in Schools
    • Grade by Grade
    • Early Childhood Learning
    • Elementary School Learning
    • Middle School Learning
    • High School Learning
    • NYC Schools Account
    • NYCSA Mobile Application
    • Student Records and Transcripts
    • Requesting Student Records and Transcripts
    • Report Cards
    • Wellness Wednesday NYC
    • Wellness Wednesday NYC Activity
    • Special Education Supports
    • Assistive Technology
    • Occupational Therapy Supports
    • Physical Therapy Supports
    • Speech Therapy Supports
    • Related Services
    • Finding an Independent Provider
    • District 75
    • District 75 Programs
    • Your DOE-loaned Device
    • iPad Data
    • Sign in to Zscaler
    • TeachHub
    • TeachHub Mobile Application
    • Celebrate DOE Arts
    • Celebrate DOE Arts 2020
    • Early Childhood Learning
    • Early Childhood Resources
    • Early Literacy Resources
    • Family Child Care
  • School Life
    • Accessibility at the DOE
    • Health and Wellness
    • Food
    • Transportation
    • Know Your Rights
    • School Environment
    • Safe Schools
    • Special Situations
    • Space and Facilities
    • Accessibility at the DOE
    • Building Accessibility
    • Accessibility Support on iPads and Other Devices
    • Accessibility Statement
    • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
    • Local Law 12
    • Health and Wellness
    • Staying Healthy
    • Health Services
    • Health Requirements to Attend School
    • Immunizations
    • 504 Accommodations
    • Mental Health
    • School-Based Health Centers
    • Sports and Staying Active
    • Condom Availability Program
    • Menstrual Products for Students
    • Food
    • School Meals
    • Menus
    • Food Programs
    • Menu Nutrition Information
    • Charter and Non-Public Schools Food Service
    • Summer Meals
    • Transportation
    • Transportation Overview
    • Transportation Eligibility
    • Student OMNY Cards
    • Pre-K and Early Intervention Bus Companies
    • Bus Companies for School Age Children
    • Transportation Guide
    • Safe Travel Tips
    • Family Responsibilities and Expectations
    • Transportation Rights
    • Weather Emergency Procedures
    • Contact Information
    • Know Your Rights
    • Chancellor's Regulations
    • Discipline Code
    • Parents' Bill of Rights
    • Parents' Bill of Rights for Data Privacy and Security
    • Other Policies
    • Project Open Arms
    • School Environment
    • NYC Public Schools Speak Your Language
    • Respect for All: Preventing and Addressing Student-to-Student Discrimination, Sexual and Other Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying
    • Digital Citizenship
    • After-School
    • Attendance
    • School Counselors
    • LGBTQ Supports
    • Get Help
    • Get Help at Your Charter School
    • Guidelines on Gender
    • Dress Code Guidelines
    • Immigrant Families
    • Project PIVOT
    • Safe Schools
    • Anti-Hate Hotline/Incident Reporting Pathways
    • Bullying / Respect for All
    • Emergency Readiness
    • Gang Prevention and Intervention
    • Resilient Kids, Safer Schools
    • School Safety
    • Suspensions
    • Special Situations
    • Child Abuse
    • Court-Involved Youth
    • Crisis or Traumatic Event
    • Responding to Behavioral Crises
    • Services for Student Parents
    • Students in Foster Care
    • Students in Temporary Housing
    • Substance Abuse
    • Space and Facilities
    • Building Accessibility
    • Local Law 12
    • Campus Governance
    • District Planning
    • School Buildings
    • Space and Facilities Reports
    • Sustainability
    • School Construction
    • Staying Healthy
    • Allergies
    • Asthma
    • Concussions
    • Diabetes
    • Head Lice
    • Other Health Topics
    • Dental
    • Health Services
    • School Vision Program
    • Sports and Staying Active
    • CHAMPS
    • Public Schools Athletic League
    • School Meals
    • Food Service for Parents and Students
    • Food Service for School Principal and Charter Schools
    • Plant Powered Friday
    • Food Education Roadmap
    • Menus
    • Breakfast Meals
    • Lunch Meals
    • After School Meals
    • Food Benefits
    • Transportation Overview
    • Whats New
    • Transportation Eligibility
    • Exceptions to Transportation Eligibility
    • Respect for All: Preventing and Addressing Student-to-Student Discrimination, Sexual and Other Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying
    • Respect for All Handouts
    • Digital Citizenship
    • Social Media Guidelines for Students 12 and Younger
    • Parent Social Media Guide for Students 12 and Under
    • Social Media Guidelines for Students Over 13
    • Parent Social Media Guide for Students Over 13
    • Cybersecurity Awareness Month
    • LGBTQ Supports
    • Community-based LGBTQ Organizations
    • Get Help
    • Parent Complaints and Appeals
    • Get Help at Your Charter School
    • File a Formal Complaint at Your Charter School
    • Guidelines on Gender
    • Guidelines to Support Transgender and Gender Expansive Students
    • Guidelines on Gender Inclusion
    • Immigrant Families
    • Protocols for NonLocal Law Enforcement
    • School Safety
    • Parent Guide to School Safety and Emergency Preparedness
    • Students in Temporary Housing
    • E.G. v. City of New York (WiFi Case): Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
    • District Planning
    • District Planning Document Library
    • 2024-2025 Data Summaries
    • Space and Facilities Reports
    • Building Ventilation Status
    • Paint Inspections
    • Water Safety
    • Resources for Facilities Staff
    • Health and Safety
    • Sustainability
    • Climate Action Days
    • School Construction
    • Public Art for Public Schools
    • Public Schools Athletic League
    • Moises Jimenez et at v New York City Department of Education (Sports Equity Case): Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
    • Whats New
    • NYC School Bus App
    • File a Formal Complaint at Your Charter School
    • Charter School Authorizers
    • District Planning Document Library
    • Document Library Archive
    • Paint Inspections
    • Bronx
    • Brooklyn
    • Manhattan
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    • Staten Island
  • Get Involved
    • Students
    • Families
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    • NYC Youth Speaks
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    • Student Bill of Rights
    • Working Papers
    • Demographic Survey
    • Families
    • New York City Schools Account
    • Education Councils
    • Family and Community Engagement (FACE)
    • Family and Community Wellness Collective
    • Family Empowerment
    • Guidance on Public Meetings and School Visits
    • Panel for Educational Policy
    • Parent and Parent Teacher Associations
    • Parent-Teacher Conferences
    • School Leadership Team
    • School Wellness Councils
    • Education Councils
    • Community Education Councils
    • Citywide Education Councils
    • Elections 2025
    • Helpful Resources
    • Panel for Educational Policy
    • Panel Members
    • Bylaws
    • Meeting Archives
    • Emergency Declarations
    • Meeting Schedule
    • Special Commissions
    • Panel General Elections
    • Parent and Parent Teacher Associations
    • Vaccine Fundraiser
    • School Leadership Team
    • Comprehensive Education Plans
    • Elections 2025
    • Elections 2025
    • Frequently Asked Questions
    • Campaigning Guidelines
    • Appointee Seats
    • Vacancy Application Forms
    • Equity Council Elections
    • 2023 Election Results
    • Helpful Resources
    • Roles and Responsibilities
    • Technical Training
    • Code of Conduct
    • Monthly Planning Calendar
    • Chancellors Regulations
    • Panel Members
    • Gregory Faulkner, Chairperson
    • Dr. Angela Green, Vice Chairperson
    • Alan Ong, Engagement Committee Chair
    • Thomas Sheppard
    • Marjorie Dienstag
    • Aaron Bogad
    • Maisha Sapp, Contracts Committee Chair
    • Anita Garcia
    • Anthony Giordano
    • Naveed Hasan, Government Affairs Committee Chair
    • Phoebe Sade-Arnold
    • Shirley Aubin, Appeals Committee Chair
    • Venus Sze-Tsang
    • Amy Fair
    • Alice Ho
    • Marielle Ali
    • Adriana Alicea
    • Camille Casaretti
    • Dr. Darling Miramey
  • Calendar
  • TeachHub
  • Employees
  • Enrollment
    • Enroll Grade by Grade
      • Enroll Grade by Grade
      • Learn About Enrollment
      • Infant and Toddler
      • Head Start
      • 3-K
      • Pre-K
      • Kindergarten
        • Kindergarten
        • Elementary Admissions Events
      • Gifted and Talented
      • Middle School
      • High School
        • High School
        • High School Auditions
        • Screened Admissions
        • Assessments for Screened Schools
        • Educational Option (Ed Opt) Admissions Method
        • Types of High Schools
        • Spotlight on Great High School Options
        • Offer Chances
      • Specialized High Schools
        • Specialized High Schools
        • Discovery Programs
      • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
        • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
        • Random Numbers in Admissions
      • Waitlists
      • District 75
    • Enrollment Help
      • Enrollment Help
      • Family Welcome Centers
      • Meeting Student Needs
        • Meeting Student Needs
        • Enrollment for LGBTQ and Gender Nonconforming Students
        • Enrollment for Students with Disabilities
        • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
        • Enrollment for Students Learning English
        • Diversity in Admissions
        • Non-Resident Enrollment
      • New Students
      • Transfers
      • Home Schooling
      • Enrollment Forms
    • Enroll in Charter Schools
      • Enroll in Charter Schools
      • Learn About Charter Schools
      • How to Enroll in Charter Schools
      • Pre-K Charter Schools
    • Summer
      • Summer
      • Summer Rising
    • Other Ways to Graduate
      • Other Ways to Graduate
      • Learn About Other Ways to Graduate
      • Alternative Middle Schools
      • Young Adult Borough Centers
      • Transfer High Schools
        • Transfer High Schools
        • Transfer Schools Guide
      • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
        • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
        • Enroll in High School Equivalency Classes (Ages 17-21)
      • Adult Education (Ages 21 plus)
    • NYC Bright Starts
  • Find a School
  • Learning
    • Special Education
      • Special Education
      • Family Resources
        • Family Resources
        • Special Education Supports
          • Special Education Supports
          • Assistive Technology
          • Occupational Therapy Supports
          • Physical Therapy Supports
          • Speech Therapy Supports
        • Beyond Access Series
      • The IEP Process
        • The IEP Process
        • Starting the Process
        • Making a Referral
        • Evaluation
        • IEP Meeting
        • The IEP
        • Parent Members
      • Supports and Services
        • Supports and Services
        • Assistive Technology
        • Behavior Supports
        • Related Services
          • Related Services
          • Finding an Independent Provider
        • Specialized Transportation
        • Other Special Education Services
        • Testing Accommodations
        • Extended School Year Services for July and August
        • Building Accessibility
      • School Settings
        • School Settings
        • District Schools
        • Specialized Programs
        • District 75
          • District 75
          • District 75 Programs
        • Other Educational Settings
      • Preschool to Age 21
        • Preschool to Age 21
        • Special Education in NYC
        • Preschool Students
        • Kindergarten Students
        • Students with Disabilities and Gifted and Talented
        • Middle School Students
        • High School Students
        • Transition from High School
      • Help
        • Help
        • Talking About Disability
        • Your Rights
        • Contacts and Resources
        • Special Education Glossary
        • Committees on Special Education
        • Resources for Staff and Providers
        • N.G. by F.E. v. New York City Department of Education, et al.
        • M.G. vs DOE Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
        • J.S.M. vs DOE Notice of Class Action Settlement
      • Building Accessibility
      • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
        • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
        • Inclusive Schools
      • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
        • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
        • Due Process Rights
        • Getting Support
        • Impartial Hearings
        • Mediation
      • Equitable Services (IESP) Assistance
      • Impartial Hearing Order Implementation
    • Multilingual Learners
      • Multilingual Learners
      • Annual Parent Teacher Meetings for English Language Learners
      • Bill of Rights for Parents of English Language Learners
      • College-Career Readiness for English Language Learners
      • Community Organizations that Help Multilingual and Immigrant Families
      • English Language Learners
      • Multilingual and Immigrant Student Support Resource Site
      • Multilingual NYC
      • New York State Seal of Biliteracy
      • Programs for English Language Learners
      • Summer for Multilingual Learners
      • Tests for English Language Learners
      • Translated Support for Digital Learning
      • Welcoming and Inclusive Schools for Multilingual and Immigrant Communities
    • Digital Learning
      • Digital Learning
      • Digital Learning Devices
        • Digital Learning Devices
        • Your DOE-loaned Device
          • Your DOE-loaned Device
          • iPad Data
          • Sign in to Zscaler
        • iPad Fixes
        • Lost or Stolen Devices
        • Device Returns
        • Technical Support for Families
        • Free and Low-Cost Internet Options
      • Applications and Platforms
        • Applications and Platforms
        • TeachHub
          • TeachHub
          • TeachHub Mobile Application
        • One Account for All
        • New York City Schools Account (NYCSA)
        • MySchools
        • SupportHub
        • Google Classroom
        • Microsoft Teams
        • Parent U
        • Zoom
        • iLearnNYC
        • WeLearnNYC
        • WeTeachNYC
        • Tools for Keeping Children Safe Online
      • NYCPS Accounts
      • Digital Citizenship
      • Microsoft Software
    • Subjects
      • Subjects
      • Arts
        • Arts
        • How to Prepare for a Theater Audition
        • How to Make a Visual Arts Portfolio
        • How to Prepare for a Dance Audition
        • How to Engage with NYC Arts and Cultural Institutions
        • Celebrate DOE Arts
          • Celebrate DOE Arts
          • Celebrate DOE Arts 2020
        • 4th Annual NYC Public School Film Festival
      • Civics for All
      • Computer Science
      • English Language Arts
      • Health Education
        • Health Education
        • Health Education Requirements
      • Libraries
      • Literacy
        • Literacy
        • Literacy Advisory Council
        • NYC Reads
        • Literacy Resources for Families
      • Math
        • Math
        • NYC Solves
      • Physical Education
        • Physical Education
        • Physical Education Requirements
      • Science
      • Social Studies
        • Social Studies
        • Current Events
        • Hidden Voices
        • Black History Month
        • Women's History Month
        • Arab American Heritage Month
        • Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month
        • Jewish American Heritage Month
        • Caribbean American Heritage Month
        • Pride Month
        • Juneteenth
        • Hispanic Heritage Month
        • Native American Heritage Month
      • STEM
        • STEM
        • Minecraft Education Challenge
    • Testing
      • Testing
      • Student Participation Guide
      • NY State English Language Arts Test
      • NY State Math Test
      • NY State Science Test
      • NY State Alternate Assessment
      • NY State High School Regents Exams
      • Tests for English Language Learners
      • World Languages
      • Specialized High School Admissions Test
      • College Entrance Exams
        • College Entrance Exams
        • SAT School Day
      • Advanced Placement Exams
      • High School Equivalency Exam
      • Periodic Assessments
      • Testing Calendar
      • Arts Commencement Assessments
      • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
        • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
        • How to Prepare for the English Language Arts Section
        • How to Prepare for the Math Section
    • Student Journey
      • Student Journey
      • Bridge Coach
      • Career-Connected Learning
      • College and Career Planning
        • College and Career Planning
        • Applying to College
        • College Awareness Day
        • Exploring Future Careers
        • Paying for College
        • NYC Kids RISE Save for College Program
        • Free College and Career Advising
        • College Information for Immigrant Students
        • College and Career Glossary
        • National Student Clearinghouse Notice and Opt Out Form
      • Experiential Learning
        • Experiential Learning
        • Genovesi Environmental Study Center
        • NYC Center for Aerospace and Applied Mathematics
        • Service in Schools
      • Grade by Grade
        • Grade by Grade
        • Early Childhood Learning
          • Early Childhood Learning
          • Early Childhood Resources
          • Early Literacy Resources
          • Family Child Care
        • Elementary School Learning
        • Middle School Learning
        • High School Learning
      • Grading
      • Graduation Requirements
      • NYC Schools Account
        • NYC Schools Account
        • NYCSA Mobile Application
      • Promotion Policy
      • Student Records and Transcripts
        • Student Records and Transcripts
        • Requesting Student Records and Transcripts
        • Report Cards
      • FutureReadyNYC
      • Advanced Courses
    • Programs
      • Programs
      • Wellness Wednesday NYC
        • Wellness Wednesday NYC
        • Wellness Wednesday NYC Activity
      • Community Schools
      • NYC Great!
      • NYC Urban Ambassadors
      • DREAM Program
      • Medically Necessary Instruction
      • District 79 (Alternate Learning Center)
      • RISE
      • Single Shepherd
      • PROSE
      • Outdoor Learning Initiative
      • NYC Mentoring Program
  • School Life
    • Accessibility at the DOE
      • Accessibility at the DOE
      • Building Accessibility
      • Accessibility Support on iPads and Other Devices
      • Accessibility Statement
      • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
      • Local Law 12
    • Health and Wellness
      • Health and Wellness
      • Staying Healthy
        • Staying Healthy
        • Allergies
        • Asthma
        • Concussions
        • Diabetes
        • Head Lice
        • Other Health Topics
        • Dental
      • Health Services
        • Health Services
        • School Vision Program
      • Health Requirements to Attend School
      • Immunizations
      • 504 Accommodations
      • Mental Health
      • School-Based Health Centers
      • Sports and Staying Active
        • Sports and Staying Active
        • CHAMPS
        • Public Schools Athletic League
          • Public Schools Athletic League
          • Moises Jimenez et at v New York City Department of Education (Sports Equity Case): Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
      • Condom Availability Program
      • Menstrual Products for Students
    • Food
      • Food
      • School Meals
        • School Meals
        • Food Service for Parents and Students
        • Food Service for School Principal and Charter Schools
        • Plant Powered Friday
        • Food Education Roadmap
      • Menus
        • Menus
        • Breakfast Meals
        • Lunch Meals
        • After School Meals
        • Food Benefits
      • Food Programs
      • Menu Nutrition Information
      • Charter and Non-Public Schools Food Service
      • Summer Meals
    • Transportation
      • Transportation
      • Transportation Overview
        • Transportation Overview
        • Whats New
          • Whats New
          • NYC School Bus App
      • Transportation Eligibility
        • Transportation Eligibility
        • Exceptions to Transportation Eligibility
      • Student OMNY Cards
      • Pre-K and Early Intervention Bus Companies
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  • How Judith Heumann Became the "Mother of the Disability Rights Movement"

How Judith Heumann Became the "Mother of the Disability Rights Movement"

Published May 20, 2024

Hidden Voices began as a collaboration with the Museum of the City of New York that was initiated to help City students learn about the countless individuals who are often “hidden” from traditional historical records. Each of the people highlighted in this series has made a positive impact on their communities while serving as outstanding examples of leadership, advocacy, and community service.

Today, in celebration of Jewish American Heritage Month, we’re sharing the story of activist Judy Heumann, a daughter of Holocaust survivors whose advocacy would earn her the nickname “the Mother of the Disability Rights Movement” for her important role in the fight for equal access for people with disabilities. 


When Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was first passed, disability rights advocates were hopeful for what the law could mean: if enforced, it would dramatically increase protections for individuals with disabilities in the United States. But years passed, and the transformation that had been promised had not come to pass. Now, those advocates were pushing the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) to sign the set of regulations that was necessary for Section 504 to be enacted for a long time. By April of 1977, they were tired of waiting.

Black and white photograph of Judy Heumann wearing a Sign 504 button, speaking into a microphone.
Judy Heumann speaking in favor of enacting Section 504 regulations prior to the 1977 sit in protests.
Source: HolLynn D'Lil; Accessed via the New York Times. Photo 1.

The activists set a deadline for the HEW Secretary to take action. When he still refused, protestors entered HEW offices across the country on April 5 and declared that they would not leave the building until the regulations were signed. In most cities, the sit-in did not last long; barred from accessing food and medication critical for their health and safety, the activists were forced to leave. But in the San Francisco offices, things were different—there, a woman named Judy Heumann was leading the charge. 

Heumann, who was born in 1947, contracted polio when she was only 18 months old—at the height of the disease’s outbreak in the United States. An iron lung kept her breathing for nearly 3 months, and her battle against the virus left her paralyzed and unable to walk for the rest of her life.  

Her parents, Werner and Ilse Heumann, were German Jewish immigrants who were both among the roughly 1,400 children and teenagers sent to the United States from Germany to the United States as Hitler came to power in the 1930s. While they were fortunate to escape, Judy’s grandparents, great-grandparents, and many other family members who stayed behind were killed in the Holocaust. In addition to the loss of their own relatives, an estimated 200,000 people with disabilities were murdered between 1940 and 1945—a connection that Heumann believed drove their decision not to surrender her to an institution, which was common practice during the worst of the polio outbreak.

Black and white photograph of Judy Heumann as a young child using leg braces and a railing with the help of her mother, who is standing behind her.
Judy and her mother, Ilse Heumann, when Judy was a young child. Ilse was a fierce advocate for her daughter throughout her life, and fought for Judy's right to an equal education in her childhood.
Source: Forbes. Photo 1.

In fact, Judy learned later in life that her doctors had recommended that her parents send her away to one of these facilities, but they had refused. Instead, their experiences as immigrants and survivors instilled in the entire Heumann family the importance of speaking out against injustices and a strong belief in equality and justice for all people. These values led Judy’s parents to become fierce advocates on her behalf throughout her childhood in Brooklyn. In fact, Heumann attributes many of the opportunities she had as a child to her mother’s persistence. It was because of her mother’s efforts, for example, that Judy was eventually permitted to attend public school—a fight that took half a decade for their family to finally win.

At first, Judy was prohibited from attending kindergarten because, the principal told them, she was considered “a fire hazard” in her wheelchair. There were no protections at the time for children with disabilities when it came to their right to an education, and Judy was repeatedly denied access to public and private schools alike. 

As a result, Judy had to be homeschooled until she was nine years old, when she was finally offered a spot in a program called Health Conservation 21—a program for children with disabilities offered in various public schools across New York City. The program was located in the basement of another public school, and those who attended were completely separated from students without disabilities. The “kids upstairs,” as Heumann nicknamed them, also received nearly double the number of hours of instruction time as Judy and her other fourth grade classmates, whose ages ranged from nine to twenty-one.

Despite the inequities that Judy faced, she also recalled that her time in Health Conservation 21 fostered bonding experiences that began to teach her about disability culture. She reflected on this in her memoir, writing that “‘disability culture’ is really just a term for a culture that has learned to value the humanity in all people, without dismissing anyone for looking, thinking, believing, or acting differently… Because we were kids doing what kids naturally do until they are taught otherwise: Slow down enough to listen and truly see each other. Ask questions. Connect. Find a way to have fun. Learn.” 

Judy knew that neither she nor her classmates in Health Conservation 21 were expected to succeed academically, but she was determined to prove those who doubted her wrong. She went on to be the first student from the program to attend high school, becoming a student at Sheepshead Bay High School after her mother successfully pushed the Board of Education to make several schools in each borough wheelchair accessible with support staff. This experience was her first time in an integrated learning environment, with both students with and without disabilities in her classes. Though the adjustment was difficult for her at times, she succeeded once again; after she graduated, Judy was accepted to and went on to attend Long Island University (LIU) for college.

Judy found a community of other students with disabilities at LIU who shared a belief that their “lack of access [was] a problem with society, rather than [an] individual problem.” Inspired by the Civil Rights movement of the 50s and 60s, as well as the ongoing protests against the Vietnam War at the time, Heumann began to engage with activism and organizing for the first time on her college campus, winning a seat on the student council where she fought for accommodations such as ramps to be built on campus. The students she befriended dreamed of passing a law that would be like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for people with disabilities, who were not protected by that original legislation. 

Black and white photograph of Judy Heumann in 1970 sitting at a table.
Heumann in 1970—the year that she was denied her teaching license from the New York City Board of Education.
Source: Evelyn Straus, NY Daily News; Accessed via CNN.

Although she was engaged in activism during college, however, Judy didn’t envision her advocacy as her career. Instead, she wanted to be a teacher. She had not been able to major in education, due to stipulations around a scholarship that required proof of other people with similar disabilities working in whatever field she chose to study; however, there were no teachers who also used wheelchairs who Judy could point to, as there were no legal protections for people with disabilities that would have prevented hiring discrimination.

Still, Judy was determined, and graduated from LIU with a degree in speech therapy through an alternate route offered by the New York City Board of Education at the time. Unfortunately, Judy was—literally—unable to get her foot in the door. “Just five steps led up to the brass-plated double front doors of the New York City Board of Education at 110 Livingston Street, but I didn’t bother to count the steps just then,” she recalled. “It could have been twenty-five or ten or two and it wouldn’t have mattered.”

Nevertheless, Judy passed all of the necessary tests that she needed to become a teacher—except for one: because she was a wheelchair user, she did not pass a mandatory health exam intended to check for communicable diseases that might be passed onto children in a classroom. Judy had no such illnesses, but was once again forced to battle assumptions that her presence in a classroom would be unsafe for the children around her, particularly in emergency situations. She tried to argue that, in case of an evacuation, the motorized wheelchair she now used was faster than a person walking anyway, but her arguments were disregarded by those in charge. She was denied a teaching license, for no reason other than her disability.

Having anticipated this, Heumann decided to pursue legal action. At 22 years old, she sued the New York City Board of Education for her right to teach and—after Judge Constance Baker Motley urged the board to reconsider their decision— she became the first teacher to use a wheelchair in New York City's history.

Her experience with the BOE was her first foray into the disability rights movement outside of college—and she would not stop there. Several years later, Heumann moved to Berkeley, California, where the movement was blossoming, and helped found the Center for Independent Living, one of many advocacy organizations she would be a part of throughout her lifetime.

It was while she was living in California that the fight for Section 504 began ramping up. 

When the 1977 protests first began, Heumann gave a speech outside the HEW building that summarized what they were there fighting for: “For too long,” she said, “we have believed that if we played by the rules and did what we were told, we would be included in the American Dream. We have waiting too long, made too many compromises, and been too patient. We will no longer be patient. There will be no more compromise. We will accept no more discrimination.”

Black and white photograph of Mike Williams (left) on the outside of a glass door and Nancy D'Angelo (center) and Judy Heumann (right) on the inside of the door, all in wheelchairs, communicating with each other during 1977 sit-in protests.
Protestors across the country in 1977 occupied federal buildings across the country to advocate for Section 504 regulations. Pictured here are Mike Williams (left) outside the San Fransisco HEW office communicating with Nancy D'Angelo (center) and Judy Heumann (center), who were among those inside the building. The San Francisco protest was one of the longest running and most successful of the sit-ins.
Source: HolLynn D'Lil; Accessed via Forbes. Photo 2.
Black and white photo of protesters in front of the White House. Judy Heumann, center, sits in her wheelchair holding a sign that reads 'Sign 504 regs NOW.' alongside activist Kitty Cone.
Judy Heumann holds a sign that reads "SIGN 504 REGS NOW" in front of the White House in April 1977, alongside another disability rights activist, Kitty Cone.
Source: HolLynn D'Lil; Accessed via the New York Times. Photo 2.

The protestors were serious about their demands: for 26 days, over 100 protestors in San Francisco occupied the HEW building in support of Section 504, refusing to accept a compromise when it came to their civil rights. To this day, it remains the longest non-violent occupation of a federal building in U.S. history ever.

During that time, protestors had to get creative in order to survive in the building and sustain their momentum. Other organizations who supported their cause—including the Black Panther Party—provided meals. They maintained contact with the press, and kept attention on their story, by using sign language to communicate with Deaf protestors on the outside. In the end, they succeeded, and the regulations that they were advocating for were signed without changes.

Section 504 was transformative. It stated, for the first time, that “No otherwise qualified individual with a disability in the United States…shall, solely by reason of his or her disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” With that one sentence, the lives of thousands of people with disabilities would change forever, as they finally were entitled to equal access to schools, jobs, and their communities under the law.

Not only did the law make huge strides towards creating a more accessible and equitable society, but it also changed the very way people thought about disability. “People had been internalizing the idea that our barriers were our individual problem for so long,” Heumann wrote in her memoir, “it was hard to shift. People had to get out of the habit of thinking ‘I can’t get up the steps because I can’t walk’ and get used to thinking ‘I can’t get up the steps because they’re not accessible.” She also wrote that “Section 504 had redefined disability. Instead of looking at disability as a medication issue, [Section 504] had made disability a question of civil—and human—rights.”  

Even still, Heumann knew there was still work to be done; she continued her advocacy work in the years to come, cofounding the World Institute on Disability in 1980, through which she fought for the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act, also known as the ADA. 

When the ADA finally passed in 1990, it became the first law that officially defined the rights of people with disabilities. It helped make public spaces and public transit more physically accessible, and prevented employment discrimination when it came to both hiring and pay. In the three decades since the ADA passed, day-to-day life for individuals has transformed; curb cuts, ramps, elevators have become more commonplace, closed captions and audio description for movies and television are more readily available, and more. 

Black and white photograph of the 1993 Madison Square Disability Independence Parade. Judy Heumann and others march in their wheelchairs in front of a banner that reads 'Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.' - Martin Luther King, Jr.
Disability rights advocates in 1993 in New York City at the "Disability Independence Parade." Heumann and her fellow advocates often used the Civil Rights Movement as a model for their own activism. Judy Heumann is pictured third from the left alongside Paul S. Miller,  Phyllis Rubenfeld and Justin Dart. Dart played a major role in the passage of the ADA, and was there when President George H.W. Bush signed it into law.
Source: NYC Mayor’s Office for People with Disabilities.

Beyond that, the law also opened pathways for legal recourse for those that faced discrimination because of their disability, and paved the way for future laws that have continued to make the country and more accessible and equitable place.

After the ADA was signed, Heumann took on a role in the Department of Education under the Clinton administration—becoming the highest-ranking person with a disability in the U.S. government. Later, she also worked for the World Bank, was the first director of Washington D.C.’s Disability Services Department, and then became a special adviser for international disability rights at the U.S. State Department, under President Barack Obama. In 2020, she appeared in the Oscar nominated documentary, Crip Camp about the lives of teenagers with disabilities who attended Camp Jened in the Catskills in the 1970s—a childhood experience that had a profound impact on Heumann's life. 

“Some people say that what I did changed the world. But really, I simply refused to accept what I was told about who I could be. And I was willing to make a fuss about it." 
– Judy Heumann

Heumann passed away in 2023 at 75 years old. Even throughout her last years, Judy continued to fight for a world with Universal Design—one that would be accessible to everyone, no matter what their specific needs were. As the fight for accessibility and disability rights continues today, the impact of Judy’s work on thousands of individuals will reverberate for generations to come. Her tireless advocacy helped change the lives of thousands of people with disabilities.

“Some people say that what I did changed the world,” Heumann wrote in her memoir. “But really, I simply refused to accept what I was told about who I could be. And I was willing to make a fuss about it.”

Color photograph of Judy Heumann in her wheelchair holding up copies of her two memoirs,
Judy wrote two memoirs during her lifetime: Being Heumann: An Unrepentant Memoir of a Disability Rights Activist, which was published in 2020, and the young adult version, Rolling Warrior, which was published shortly thereafter.
Source: Mike Dawkins; Accessed via JudithHeumann.com

Sources

Beaubien, J. (2012, October 15). Wiping Out Polio: How the U.S. Snuffed Out a Killer. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/10/16/162670836/wiping-out-polio-how-the-u-s-snuffed-out-a-killer

Carmel, J. (2020, July 22). Before the A.D.A., There Was Section 504. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/us/504-sit-in-disability-rights.html

Carson, D. P. (2020, October). Judy Heumann. Ability Magazine. https://abilitymagazine.com/judy-heumann/

Cat-Wells, K. (2023, March 7). The Extraordinary Life and Legacy of Judith Heumann: A Trailblazer For Disability Rights. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/keelycatwells/2023/03/07/the-extraordinary-life-and-legacy-of-judith-heumann-a-trailblazer-for-disability-rights/

Center for Independent Living, Inc. (2023, March). Honoring Judith Heumann. CIL. https://www.centerforindependentliving.org/honoring-judith-heumann

Cokley, R. (2023, March 6). Opinion: Judy Heumann’s Life Is a Testament and A Reminder. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/06/opinions/judy-heumann-disability-rights-activist-cokley-ctrp/index.html

Cone, K. (2013, April 4). Short History of the 504 Sit-In. Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund. https://dredf.org/504-sit-in-20th-anniversary/short-history-of-the-504-sit-in/

Grim, A. (2015, July 8). Sitting-In for Disability Rights: The Section 504 Protests of the 1970s. National Museum of American History. https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/sitting-disability-rights-section-504-protests-1970s

Heumann, J. (2016, October). Our Fight for Disability Rights—And Why We’re Not Done Yet. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/judith_heumann_our_fight_for_disability_rights_and_why_we_re_not_done_yet/transcript?language=en

Heumann, J., & Joiner, K. (2020). Being Heumann: An Unrepentant Memoir of a Disability Rights Activist. Beacon Press.

Heumann, J., & Joiner, K. (2020, April 9). The Power of Spaces Built for People with Disabilities. Literary Hub. https://lithub.com/the-power-of-spaces-built-for-people-with-disabilities/

Kuta, S. (2023, March 6). What Made Judy Heumann, Mother of the Disability Rights Movement, an American Hero. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/disability-rights-activist-judy-heumann-dies-at-age-75-180981752/

Lathrop, D. (2011, January 1). New Mobility’s 2010 Person of the Year: Judith Heumann. New Mobility. https://newmobility.com/new-mobilitys-person-of-the-year-judith-heumann/

Leiderman, D. (2020, March 25). The Activist Star of ‘Crip Camp’ Looks Back at a Life on the Barricades. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/25/movies/crip-camp-judy-heumann.html

Lombard, S. (2015, July 13). 8 ways in which the Americans with Disabilities Act changed everyone’s lives. National Museum of American History. https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/8-ways-which-americans-disabilities-act-changed-everyones-lives

Museum of Jewish Heritage. (2021, July 28). Legacies: Judy Heumann. Museum of Jewish Heritage—A Living Memorial to the Holocaust. https://mjhnyc.org/blog/legacies-judy-heumann/

Ott, K. (2015, July 1). Celebrating 25 years of the Americans with Disabilities Act. National Museum of American History. https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/celebrating-25-years-americans-disabilities-act

Peterson, J. (2015, July 15). Smashing barriers to access: Disability activism and curb cuts. National Museum of American History. https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/smashing-barriers-access-disability-activism-and-curb-cuts

Polio Victim Wins Teacher’s License. (1970, June 20). The New York Times, 17.

Rothberg, E. (2023). Biography: Judith Heumann. National Women’s History Museum. https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/judith-heumann

Section 504, Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/centers-offices/civil-rights-center/statutes/section-504-rehabilitation-act-of-1973

Shoot, B. (2017, November 9). The 1977 Disability Rights Protest That Broke Records and Changed Laws. Atlas Obscura. http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/504-sit-in-san-francisco-1977-disability-rights-advocacy

Sonneborn, L. (2021, June 28). Disability Rights Timeline. College of Education and Human Development, Institute on Disabilities, Temple University. https://disabilities.temple.edu/resources/disability-rights-timeline

Stevenson, R. W. (2002, June 24). Justin Dart Jr., 71, Advocate For Rights of Disabled People. The New York Times, 8.

Taub, A. (2023, March 5). Judy Heumann, Who Led the Fight for Disability Rights, Dies at 75. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/05/obituaries/judy-heumann-dead.html

The Heumann Perspective. (2020). Judy Heumann (1947-2023). Judy Heumann. https://judithheumann.com/project/about/

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The Murder of People with Disabilities. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-murder-of-people-with-disabilities

Viadero, D. (1993, April 28). Activist on Disability Rights, Nominee Has Battled Schools Before. Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/education/activist-on-diability-rights-nominee-has-battled-schools-before/1993/04

Wallis, L. (2020, December 6). The disabled activist who led a historic 24-day sit-in. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-54794408

Wolfe, K. (2023). Judith Heumann. In The Shalvi/Hyman Encylopedia of Jewish Women. The Jewish Women’s Archive. http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/heumann-judith

Zinn Education Project. April 28, 1977: Disability Rights Sit-Ins Force Enactment of Section 504. Zinn Education Project. Retrieved from https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/sit-ins-force-504/

Banner collage photos accessed via New Mobility Magazine (left); Smithsonian National Museum of American History ("Sign 504" Button); New York City Mayor's Office for People with Disabilities (center); Judy Heumann, "About Judy" (right)


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