Skip to Main Content Skip to Main Navigation
Hands Forming a Heart
academics accessibility alert arts backpack calendar camera careers circle-check circle pointing down clock contact envelope Facebook fax file globe globe grades help information link off location lunch Connect Notify NYC Department of Education office worker office worker One Plus Three phone question rss school school-high search sports students Sun transportation Twitter Twitter user Vimeo world information Graduation Hat
file-pdf file-word file-word file-excel file-excel ar bn zh ko ru ur en fr-FR fr-HT es Español

The site navigation utilizes arrow, enter, escape, and space bar key commands. Left and right arrows move across top level links and expand / close menus in sub levels. Up and Down arrows will open main level menus and toggle through sub tier links. Enter and space open menus and escape closes them as well. Tab will move on to the next part of the site rather than go through menu items.

NYC Public Schools stacked logoNYC Public Schools logo
  • Enrollment
    • Enroll Grade by Grade
    • Enrollment Help
    • Enroll in Charter Schools
    • Summer
    • Other Ways to Graduate
    • NYC Bright Starts
    • Enroll Grade by Grade
    • Learn About Enrollment
    • Infant and Toddler
    • Head Start
    • 3-K
    • Pre-K
    • Kindergarten
    • Gifted and Talented
    • Middle School
    • High School
    • Specialized High Schools
    • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
    • Waitlists
    • District 75
    • Enrollment Help
    • Family Welcome Centers
    • Meeting Student Needs
    • New Students
    • Transfers
    • Home Schooling
    • Enrollment Forms
    • Enroll in Charter Schools
    • Learn About Charter Schools
    • How to Enroll in Charter Schools
    • Pre-K Charter Schools
    • Summer
    • Summer Rising
    • Other Ways to Graduate
    • Learn About Other Ways to Graduate
    • Alternative Middle Schools
    • Young Adult Borough Centers
    • Transfer High Schools
    • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
    • Adult Education (Ages 21 plus)
    • Kindergarten
    • Elementary Admissions Events
    • High School
    • High School Auditions
    • Screened Admissions
    • Assessments for Screened Schools
    • Educational Option (Ed Opt) Admissions Method
    • Types of High Schools
    • Spotlight on Great High School Options
    • Offer Chances
    • Specialized High Schools
    • Discovery Programs
    • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
    • Random Numbers in Admissions
    • Meeting Student Needs
    • Enrollment for LGBTQ and Gender Nonconforming Students
    • Enrollment for Students with Disabilities
    • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
    • Enrollment for Students Learning English
    • Diversity in Admissions
    • Non-Resident Enrollment
    • Transfer High Schools
    • Transfer Schools Guide
    • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
    • Enroll in High School Equivalency Classes (Ages 17-21)
  • Find a School
  • Learning
    • Special Education
    • Multilingual Learners
    • Digital Learning
    • Subjects
    • Testing
    • Student Journey
    • Programs
    • Special Education
    • Family Resources
    • The IEP Process
    • Supports and Services
    • School Settings
    • Preschool to Age 21
    • Help
    • Building Accessibility
    • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
    • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
    • Equitable Services (IESP) Assistance
    • Impartial Hearing Order Implementation
    • Multilingual Learners
    • Annual Parent Teacher Meetings for English Language Learners
    • Bill of Rights for Parents of English Language Learners
    • College-Career Readiness for English Language Learners
    • Community Organizations that Help Multilingual and Immigrant Families
    • English Language Learners
    • Multilingual and Immigrant Student Support Resource Site
    • Multilingual NYC
    • New York State Seal of Biliteracy
    • Programs for English Language Learners
    • Summer for Multilingual Learners
    • Tests for English Language Learners
    • Translated Support for Digital Learning
    • Welcoming and Inclusive Schools for Multilingual and Immigrant Communities
    • Digital Learning
    • Digital Learning Devices
    • Applications and Platforms
    • NYCPS Accounts
    • Digital Citizenship
    • Microsoft Software
    • Subjects
    • Arts
    • Civics for All
    • Computer Science
    • English Language Arts
    • Health Education
    • Libraries
    • Literacy
    • Math
    • Physical Education
    • Science
    • Social Studies
    • STEM
    • Testing
    • Student Participation Guide
    • NY State English Language Arts Test
    • NY State Math Test
    • NY State Science Test
    • NY State Alternate Assessment
    • NY State High School Regents Exams
    • Tests for English Language Learners
    • World Languages
    • Specialized High School Admissions Test
    • College Entrance Exams
    • Advanced Placement Exams
    • High School Equivalency Exam
    • Periodic Assessments
    • Testing Calendar
    • Arts Commencement Assessments
    • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
    • Student Journey
    • Bridge Coach
    • Career-Connected Learning
    • College and Career Planning
    • Experiential Learning
    • Grade by Grade
    • Grading
    • Graduation Requirements
    • NYC Schools Account
    • Promotion Policy
    • Student Records and Transcripts
    • FutureReadyNYC
    • Advanced Courses
    • Programs
    • Wellness Wednesday NYC
    • Community Schools
    • NYC Great!
    • NYC Urban Ambassadors
    • DREAM Program
    • Medically Necessary Instruction
    • District 79 (Alternate Learning Center)
    • RISE
    • Single Shepherd
    • PROSE
    • Outdoor Learning Initiative
    • NYC Mentoring Program
    • Family Resources
    • Special Education Supports
    • Beyond Access Series
    • The IEP Process
    • Starting the Process
    • Making a Referral
    • Evaluation
    • IEP Meeting
    • The IEP
    • Parent Members
    • Supports and Services
    • Assistive Technology
    • Behavior Supports
    • Related Services
    • Specialized Transportation
    • Other Special Education Services
    • Testing Accommodations
    • Extended School Year Services for July and August
    • Building Accessibility
    • School Settings
    • District Schools
    • Specialized Programs
    • District 75
    • Other Educational Settings
    • Preschool to Age 21
    • Special Education in NYC
    • Preschool Students
    • Kindergarten Students
    • Students with Disabilities and Gifted and Talented
    • Middle School Students
    • High School Students
    • Transition from High School
    • Help
    • Talking About Disability
    • Your Rights
    • Contacts and Resources
    • Special Education Glossary
    • Committees on Special Education
    • Resources for Staff and Providers
    • N.G. by F.E. v. New York City Department of Education, et al.
    • M.G. vs DOE Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
    • J.S.M. vs DOE Notice of Class Action Settlement
    • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
    • Inclusive Schools
    • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
    • Due Process Rights
    • Getting Support
    • Impartial Hearings
    • Mediation
    • Digital Learning Devices
    • Your DOE-loaned Device
    • iPad Fixes
    • Lost or Stolen Devices
    • Device Returns
    • Technical Support for Families
    • Free and Low-Cost Internet Options
    • Applications and Platforms
    • TeachHub
    • One Account for All
    • New York City Schools Account (NYCSA)
    • MySchools
    • SupportHub
    • Google Classroom
    • Microsoft Teams
    • Parent U
    • Zoom
    • iLearnNYC
    • WeLearnNYC
    • WeTeachNYC
    • Tools for Keeping Children Safe Online
    • Arts
    • How to Prepare for a Theater Audition
    • How to Make a Visual Arts Portfolio
    • How to Prepare for a Dance Audition
    • How to Engage with NYC Arts and Cultural Institutions
    • Celebrate DOE Arts
    • 4th Annual NYC Public School Film Festival
    • Health Education
    • Health Education Requirements
    • Literacy
    • Literacy Advisory Council
    • NYC Reads
    • Literacy Resources for Families
    • Math
    • NYC Solves
    • Physical Education
    • Physical Education Requirements
    • Social Studies
    • Current Events
    • Hidden Voices
    • Black History Month
    • Women's History Month
    • Arab American Heritage Month
    • Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month
    • Jewish American Heritage Month
    • Caribbean American Heritage Month
    • Pride Month
    • Juneteenth
    • Hispanic Heritage Month
    • Native American Heritage Month
    • STEM
    • Minecraft Education Challenge
    • College Entrance Exams
    • SAT School Day
    • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
    • How to Prepare for the English Language Arts Section
    • How to Prepare for the Math Section
    • College and Career Planning
    • Applying to College
    • College Awareness Day
    • Exploring Future Careers
    • Paying for College
    • NYC Kids RISE Save for College Program
    • Free College and Career Advising
    • College Information for Immigrant Students
    • College and Career Glossary
    • National Student Clearinghouse Notice and Opt Out Form
    • Experiential Learning
    • Genovesi Environmental Study Center
    • NYC Center for Aerospace and Applied Mathematics
    • Service in Schools
    • Grade by Grade
    • Early Childhood Learning
    • Elementary School Learning
    • Middle School Learning
    • High School Learning
    • NYC Schools Account
    • NYCSA Mobile Application
    • Student Records and Transcripts
    • Requesting Student Records and Transcripts
    • Report Cards
    • Wellness Wednesday NYC
    • Wellness Wednesday NYC Activity
    • Special Education Supports
    • Assistive Technology
    • Occupational Therapy Supports
    • Physical Therapy Supports
    • Speech Therapy Supports
    • Related Services
    • Finding an Independent Provider
    • District 75
    • District 75 Programs
    • Your DOE-loaned Device
    • iPad Data
    • Sign in to Zscaler
    • TeachHub
    • TeachHub Mobile Application
    • Celebrate DOE Arts
    • Celebrate DOE Arts 2020
    • Early Childhood Learning
    • Early Childhood Resources
    • Early Literacy Resources
    • Family Child Care
  • School Life
    • Accessibility at the DOE
    • Health and Wellness
    • Food
    • Transportation
    • Know Your Rights
    • School Environment
    • Safe Schools
    • Special Situations
    • Space and Facilities
    • Accessibility at the DOE
    • Building Accessibility
    • Accessibility Support on iPads and Other Devices
    • Accessibility Statement
    • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
    • Local Law 12
    • Health and Wellness
    • Staying Healthy
    • Health Services
    • Health Requirements to Attend School
    • Immunizations
    • 504 Accommodations
    • Mental Health
    • School-Based Health Centers
    • Sports and Staying Active
    • Condom Availability Program
    • Menstrual Products for Students
    • Food
    • School Meals
    • Menus
    • Food Programs
    • Menu Nutrition Information
    • Charter and Non-Public Schools Food Service
    • Summer Meals
    • Transportation
    • Transportation Overview
    • Transportation Eligibility
    • Student OMNY Cards
    • Pre-K and Early Intervention Bus Companies
    • Bus Companies for School Age Children
    • Transportation Guide
    • Safe Travel Tips
    • Family Responsibilities and Expectations
    • Transportation Rights
    • Weather Emergency Procedures
    • Contact Information
    • Know Your Rights
    • Chancellor's Regulations
    • Discipline Code
    • Parents' Bill of Rights
    • Parents' Bill of Rights for Data Privacy and Security
    • Other Policies
    • Project Open Arms
    • School Environment
    • NYC Public Schools Speak Your Language
    • Respect for All: Preventing and Addressing Student-to-Student Discrimination, Sexual and Other Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying
    • Digital Citizenship
    • After-School
    • Attendance
    • School Counselors
    • LGBTQ Supports
    • Get Help
    • Get Help at Your Charter School
    • Guidelines on Gender
    • Dress Code Guidelines
    • Immigrant Families
    • Project PIVOT
    • Safe Schools
    • Anti-Hate Hotline/Incident Reporting Pathways
    • Bullying / Respect for All
    • Emergency Readiness
    • Gang Prevention and Intervention
    • Resilient Kids, Safer Schools
    • School Safety
    • Suspensions
    • Special Situations
    • Child Abuse
    • Court-Involved Youth
    • Crisis or Traumatic Event
    • Responding to Behavioral Crises
    • Services for Student Parents
    • Students in Foster Care
    • Students in Temporary Housing
    • Substance Abuse
    • Space and Facilities
    • Building Accessibility
    • Local Law 12
    • Campus Governance
    • District Planning
    • School Buildings
    • Space and Facilities Reports
    • Sustainability
    • School Construction
    • Staying Healthy
    • Allergies
    • Asthma
    • Concussions
    • Diabetes
    • Head Lice
    • Other Health Topics
    • Dental
    • Health Services
    • School Vision Program
    • Sports and Staying Active
    • CHAMPS
    • Public Schools Athletic League
    • School Meals
    • Food Service for Parents and Students
    • Food Service for School Principal and Charter Schools
    • Plant Powered Friday
    • Food Education Roadmap
    • Menus
    • Breakfast Meals
    • Lunch Meals
    • After School Meals
    • Food Benefits
    • Transportation Overview
    • Whats New
    • Transportation Eligibility
    • Exceptions to Transportation Eligibility
    • Respect for All: Preventing and Addressing Student-to-Student Discrimination, Sexual and Other Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying
    • Respect for All Handouts
    • Digital Citizenship
    • Social Media Guidelines for Students 12 and Younger
    • Parent Social Media Guide for Students 12 and Under
    • Social Media Guidelines for Students Over 13
    • Parent Social Media Guide for Students Over 13
    • Cybersecurity Awareness Month
    • LGBTQ Supports
    • Community-based LGBTQ Organizations
    • Get Help
    • Parent Complaints and Appeals
    • Get Help at Your Charter School
    • File a Formal Complaint at Your Charter School
    • Guidelines on Gender
    • Guidelines to Support Transgender and Gender Expansive Students
    • Guidelines on Gender Inclusion
    • Immigrant Families
    • Protocols for NonLocal Law Enforcement
    • School Safety
    • Parent Guide to School Safety and Emergency Preparedness
    • Students in Temporary Housing
    • E.G. v. City of New York (WiFi Case): Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
    • District Planning
    • District Planning Document Library
    • 2024-2025 Data Summaries
    • Space and Facilities Reports
    • Building Ventilation Status
    • Paint Inspections
    • Water Safety
    • Resources for Facilities Staff
    • Health and Safety
    • Sustainability
    • Climate Action Days
    • School Construction
    • Public Art for Public Schools
    • Public Schools Athletic League
    • Moises Jimenez et at v New York City Department of Education (Sports Equity Case): Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
    • Whats New
    • NYC School Bus App
    • File a Formal Complaint at Your Charter School
    • Charter School Authorizers
    • District Planning Document Library
    • Document Library Archive
    • Paint Inspections
    • Bronx
    • Brooklyn
    • Manhattan
    • Queens
    • Staten Island
  • Get Involved
    • Students
    • Families
    • Students
    • NYC Youth Speaks
    • Student Opportunities
    • Student Advisory Councils
    • Student Bill of Rights
    • Working Papers
    • Demographic Survey
    • Families
    • New York City Schools Account
    • Education Councils
    • Family and Community Engagement (FACE)
    • Family and Community Wellness Collective
    • Family Empowerment
    • Guidance on Public Meetings and School Visits
    • Panel for Educational Policy
    • Parent and Parent Teacher Associations
    • Parent-Teacher Conferences
    • School Leadership Team
    • School Wellness Councils
    • Education Councils
    • Community Education Councils
    • Citywide Education Councils
    • Elections 2025
    • Helpful Resources
    • Panel for Educational Policy
    • Panel Members
    • Bylaws
    • Meeting Archives
    • Emergency Declarations
    • Meeting Schedule
    • Special Commissions
    • Panel General Elections
    • Parent and Parent Teacher Associations
    • Vaccine Fundraiser
    • School Leadership Team
    • Comprehensive Education Plans
    • Elections 2025
    • Elections 2025
    • Frequently Asked Questions
    • Campaigning Guidelines
    • Appointee Seats
    • Vacancy Application Forms
    • Equity Council Elections
    • 2023 Election Results
    • Helpful Resources
    • Roles and Responsibilities
    • Technical Training
    • Code of Conduct
    • Monthly Planning Calendar
    • Chancellors Regulations
    • Panel Members
    • Gregory Faulkner, Chairperson
    • Dr. Angela Green, Vice Chairperson
    • Alan Ong, Engagement Committee Chair
    • Thomas Sheppard
    • Marjorie Dienstag
    • Aaron Bogad
    • Maisha Sapp, Contracts Committee Chair
    • Anita Garcia
    • Anthony Giordano
    • Naveed Hasan, Government Affairs Committee Chair
    • Phoebe Sade-Arnold
    • Shirley Aubin, Appeals Committee Chair
    • Venus Sze-Tsang
    • Amy Fair
    • Alice Ho
    • Marielle Ali
    • Adriana Alicea
    • Camille Casaretti
    • Dr. Darling Miramey
  • Calendar
  • TeachHub
  • Employees
  • Enrollment
    • Enroll Grade by Grade
      • Enroll Grade by Grade
      • Learn About Enrollment
      • Infant and Toddler
      • Head Start
      • 3-K
      • Pre-K
      • Kindergarten
        • Kindergarten
        • Elementary Admissions Events
      • Gifted and Talented
      • Middle School
      • High School
        • High School
        • High School Auditions
        • Screened Admissions
        • Assessments for Screened Schools
        • Educational Option (Ed Opt) Admissions Method
        • Types of High Schools
        • Spotlight on Great High School Options
        • Offer Chances
      • Specialized High Schools
        • Specialized High Schools
        • Discovery Programs
      • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
        • How Students Get Offers to DOE Public Schools
        • Random Numbers in Admissions
      • Waitlists
      • District 75
    • Enrollment Help
      • Enrollment Help
      • Family Welcome Centers
      • Meeting Student Needs
        • Meeting Student Needs
        • Enrollment for LGBTQ and Gender Nonconforming Students
        • Enrollment for Students with Disabilities
        • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
        • Enrollment for Students Learning English
        • Diversity in Admissions
        • Non-Resident Enrollment
      • New Students
      • Transfers
      • Home Schooling
      • Enrollment Forms
    • Enroll in Charter Schools
      • Enroll in Charter Schools
      • Learn About Charter Schools
      • How to Enroll in Charter Schools
      • Pre-K Charter Schools
    • Summer
      • Summer
      • Summer Rising
    • Other Ways to Graduate
      • Other Ways to Graduate
      • Learn About Other Ways to Graduate
      • Alternative Middle Schools
      • Young Adult Borough Centers
      • Transfer High Schools
        • Transfer High Schools
        • Transfer Schools Guide
      • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
        • High School Equivalency (Ages 17-21)
        • Enroll in High School Equivalency Classes (Ages 17-21)
      • Adult Education (Ages 21 plus)
    • NYC Bright Starts
  • Find a School
  • Learning
    • Special Education
      • Special Education
      • Family Resources
        • Family Resources
        • Special Education Supports
          • Special Education Supports
          • Assistive Technology
          • Occupational Therapy Supports
          • Physical Therapy Supports
          • Speech Therapy Supports
        • Beyond Access Series
      • The IEP Process
        • The IEP Process
        • Starting the Process
        • Making a Referral
        • Evaluation
        • IEP Meeting
        • The IEP
        • Parent Members
      • Supports and Services
        • Supports and Services
        • Assistive Technology
        • Behavior Supports
        • Related Services
          • Related Services
          • Finding an Independent Provider
        • Specialized Transportation
        • Other Special Education Services
        • Testing Accommodations
        • Extended School Year Services for July and August
        • Building Accessibility
      • School Settings
        • School Settings
        • District Schools
        • Specialized Programs
        • District 75
          • District 75
          • District 75 Programs
        • Other Educational Settings
      • Preschool to Age 21
        • Preschool to Age 21
        • Special Education in NYC
        • Preschool Students
        • Kindergarten Students
        • Students with Disabilities and Gifted and Talented
        • Middle School Students
        • High School Students
        • Transition from High School
      • Help
        • Help
        • Talking About Disability
        • Your Rights
        • Contacts and Resources
        • Special Education Glossary
        • Committees on Special Education
        • Resources for Staff and Providers
        • N.G. by F.E. v. New York City Department of Education, et al.
        • M.G. vs DOE Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
        • J.S.M. vs DOE Notice of Class Action Settlement
      • Building Accessibility
      • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
        • Boldly Reimagining Special Education
        • Inclusive Schools
      • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
        • Due Process: Impartial Hearings and Mediation
        • Due Process Rights
        • Getting Support
        • Impartial Hearings
        • Mediation
      • Equitable Services (IESP) Assistance
      • Impartial Hearing Order Implementation
    • Multilingual Learners
      • Multilingual Learners
      • Annual Parent Teacher Meetings for English Language Learners
      • Bill of Rights for Parents of English Language Learners
      • College-Career Readiness for English Language Learners
      • Community Organizations that Help Multilingual and Immigrant Families
      • English Language Learners
      • Multilingual and Immigrant Student Support Resource Site
      • Multilingual NYC
      • New York State Seal of Biliteracy
      • Programs for English Language Learners
      • Summer for Multilingual Learners
      • Tests for English Language Learners
      • Translated Support for Digital Learning
      • Welcoming and Inclusive Schools for Multilingual and Immigrant Communities
    • Digital Learning
      • Digital Learning
      • Digital Learning Devices
        • Digital Learning Devices
        • Your DOE-loaned Device
          • Your DOE-loaned Device
          • iPad Data
          • Sign in to Zscaler
        • iPad Fixes
        • Lost or Stolen Devices
        • Device Returns
        • Technical Support for Families
        • Free and Low-Cost Internet Options
      • Applications and Platforms
        • Applications and Platforms
        • TeachHub
          • TeachHub
          • TeachHub Mobile Application
        • One Account for All
        • New York City Schools Account (NYCSA)
        • MySchools
        • SupportHub
        • Google Classroom
        • Microsoft Teams
        • Parent U
        • Zoom
        • iLearnNYC
        • WeLearnNYC
        • WeTeachNYC
        • Tools for Keeping Children Safe Online
      • NYCPS Accounts
      • Digital Citizenship
      • Microsoft Software
    • Subjects
      • Subjects
      • Arts
        • Arts
        • How to Prepare for a Theater Audition
        • How to Make a Visual Arts Portfolio
        • How to Prepare for a Dance Audition
        • How to Engage with NYC Arts and Cultural Institutions
        • Celebrate DOE Arts
          • Celebrate DOE Arts
          • Celebrate DOE Arts 2020
        • 4th Annual NYC Public School Film Festival
      • Civics for All
      • Computer Science
      • English Language Arts
      • Health Education
        • Health Education
        • Health Education Requirements
      • Libraries
      • Literacy
        • Literacy
        • Literacy Advisory Council
        • NYC Reads
        • Literacy Resources for Families
      • Math
        • Math
        • NYC Solves
      • Physical Education
        • Physical Education
        • Physical Education Requirements
      • Science
      • Social Studies
        • Social Studies
        • Current Events
        • Hidden Voices
        • Black History Month
        • Women's History Month
        • Arab American Heritage Month
        • Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month
        • Jewish American Heritage Month
        • Caribbean American Heritage Month
        • Pride Month
        • Juneteenth
        • Hispanic Heritage Month
        • Native American Heritage Month
      • STEM
        • STEM
        • Minecraft Education Challenge
    • Testing
      • Testing
      • Student Participation Guide
      • NY State English Language Arts Test
      • NY State Math Test
      • NY State Science Test
      • NY State Alternate Assessment
      • NY State High School Regents Exams
      • Tests for English Language Learners
      • World Languages
      • Specialized High School Admissions Test
      • College Entrance Exams
        • College Entrance Exams
        • SAT School Day
      • Advanced Placement Exams
      • High School Equivalency Exam
      • Periodic Assessments
      • Testing Calendar
      • Arts Commencement Assessments
      • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
        • How to Prepare for the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
        • How to Prepare for the English Language Arts Section
        • How to Prepare for the Math Section
    • Student Journey
      • Student Journey
      • Bridge Coach
      • Career-Connected Learning
      • College and Career Planning
        • College and Career Planning
        • Applying to College
        • College Awareness Day
        • Exploring Future Careers
        • Paying for College
        • NYC Kids RISE Save for College Program
        • Free College and Career Advising
        • College Information for Immigrant Students
        • College and Career Glossary
        • National Student Clearinghouse Notice and Opt Out Form
      • Experiential Learning
        • Experiential Learning
        • Genovesi Environmental Study Center
        • NYC Center for Aerospace and Applied Mathematics
        • Service in Schools
      • Grade by Grade
        • Grade by Grade
        • Early Childhood Learning
          • Early Childhood Learning
          • Early Childhood Resources
          • Early Literacy Resources
          • Family Child Care
        • Elementary School Learning
        • Middle School Learning
        • High School Learning
      • Grading
      • Graduation Requirements
      • NYC Schools Account
        • NYC Schools Account
        • NYCSA Mobile Application
      • Promotion Policy
      • Student Records and Transcripts
        • Student Records and Transcripts
        • Requesting Student Records and Transcripts
        • Report Cards
      • FutureReadyNYC
      • Advanced Courses
    • Programs
      • Programs
      • Wellness Wednesday NYC
        • Wellness Wednesday NYC
        • Wellness Wednesday NYC Activity
      • Community Schools
      • NYC Great!
      • NYC Urban Ambassadors
      • DREAM Program
      • Medically Necessary Instruction
      • District 79 (Alternate Learning Center)
      • RISE
      • Single Shepherd
      • PROSE
      • Outdoor Learning Initiative
      • NYC Mentoring Program
  • School Life
    • Accessibility at the DOE
      • Accessibility at the DOE
      • Building Accessibility
      • Accessibility Support on iPads and Other Devices
      • Accessibility Statement
      • Enrollment for Students with Accessibility Needs
      • Local Law 12
    • Health and Wellness
      • Health and Wellness
      • Staying Healthy
        • Staying Healthy
        • Allergies
        • Asthma
        • Concussions
        • Diabetes
        • Head Lice
        • Other Health Topics
        • Dental
      • Health Services
        • Health Services
        • School Vision Program
      • Health Requirements to Attend School
      • Immunizations
      • 504 Accommodations
      • Mental Health
      • School-Based Health Centers
      • Sports and Staying Active
        • Sports and Staying Active
        • CHAMPS
        • Public Schools Athletic League
          • Public Schools Athletic League
          • Moises Jimenez et at v New York City Department of Education (Sports Equity Case): Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
      • Condom Availability Program
      • Menstrual Products for Students
    • Food
      • Food
      • School Meals
        • School Meals
        • Food Service for Parents and Students
        • Food Service for School Principal and Charter Schools
        • Plant Powered Friday
        • Food Education Roadmap
      • Menus
        • Menus
        • Breakfast Meals
        • Lunch Meals
        • After School Meals
        • Food Benefits
      • Food Programs
      • Menu Nutrition Information
      • Charter and Non-Public Schools Food Service
      • Summer Meals
    • Transportation
      • Transportation
      • Transportation Overview
        • Transportation Overview
        • Whats New
          • Whats New
          • NYC School Bus App
      • Transportation Eligibility
        • Transportation Eligibility
        • Exceptions to Transportation Eligibility
      • Student OMNY Cards
      • Pre-K and Early Intervention Bus Companies
      • Bus Companies for School Age Children
      • Transportation Guide
      • Safe Travel Tips
      • Family Responsibilities and Expectations
      • Transportation Rights
      • Weather Emergency Procedures
      • Contact Information
    • Know Your Rights
      • Know Your Rights
      • Chancellor's Regulations
      • Discipline Code
      • Parents' Bill of Rights
      • Parents' Bill of Rights for Data Privacy and Security
      • Other Policies
      • Project Open Arms
    • School Environment
      • School Environment
      • NYC Public Schools Speak Your Language
      • Respect for All: Preventing and Addressing Student-to-Student Discrimination, Sexual and Other Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying
        • Respect for All: Preventing and Addressing Student-to-Student Discrimination, Sexual and Other Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying
        • Respect for All Handouts
      • Digital Citizenship
        • Digital Citizenship
        • Social Media Guidelines for Students 12 and Younger
        • Parent Social Media Guide for Students 12 and Under
        • Social Media Guidelines for Students Over 13
        • Parent Social Media Guide for Students Over 13
        • Cybersecurity Awareness Month
      • After-School
      • Attendance
      • School Counselors
      • LGBTQ Supports
        • LGBTQ Supports
        • Community-based LGBTQ Organizations
      • Get Help
        • Get Help
        • Parent Complaints and Appeals
      • Get Help at Your Charter School
        • Get Help at Your Charter School
        • File a Formal Complaint at Your Charter School
          • File a Formal Complaint at Your Charter School
          • Charter School Authorizers
      • Guidelines on Gender
        • Guidelines on Gender
        • Guidelines to Support Transgender and Gender Expansive Students
        • Guidelines on Gender Inclusion
      • Dress Code Guidelines
      • Immigrant Families
        • Immigrant Families
        • Protocols for NonLocal Law Enforcement
      • Project PIVOT
    • Safe Schools
      • Safe Schools
      • Anti-Hate Hotline/Incident Reporting Pathways
      • Bullying / Respect for All
      • Emergency Readiness
      • Gang Prevention and Intervention
      • Resilient Kids, Safer Schools
      • School Safety
        • School Safety
        • Parent Guide to School Safety and Emergency Preparedness
      • Suspensions
    • Special Situations
      • Special Situations
      • Child Abuse
      • Court-Involved Youth
      • Crisis or Traumatic Event
      • Responding to Behavioral Crises
      • Services for Student Parents
      • Students in Foster Care
      • Students in Temporary Housing
        • Students in Temporary Housing
        • E.G. v. City of New York (WiFi Case): Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement
      • Substance Abuse
    • Space and Facilities
      • Space and Facilities
      • Building Accessibility
      • Local Law 12
      • Campus Governance
      • District Planning
        • District Planning
        • District Planning Document Library
          • District Planning Document Library
          • Document Library Archive
        • 2024-2025 Data Summaries
      • School Buildings
      • Space and Facilities Reports
        • Space and Facilities Reports
        • Building Ventilation Status
        • Paint Inspections
          • Paint Inspections
          • Bronx
          • Brooklyn
          • Manhattan
          • Queens
          • Staten Island
        • Water Safety
        • Resources for Facilities Staff
        • Health and Safety
      • Sustainability
        • Sustainability
        • Climate Action Days
      • School Construction
        • School Construction
        • Public Art for Public Schools
  • Get Involved
    • Students
      • Students
      • NYC Youth Speaks
      • Student Opportunities
      • Student Advisory Councils
      • Student Bill of Rights
      • Working Papers
      • Demographic Survey
    • Families
      • Families
      • New York City Schools Account
      • Education Councils
        • Education Councils
        • Community Education Councils
        • Citywide Education Councils
        • Elections 2025
          • Elections 2025
          • Elections 2025
          • Frequently Asked Questions
          • Campaigning Guidelines
          • Appointee Seats
          • Vacancy Application Forms
          • Equity Council Elections
          • 2023 Election Results
        • Helpful Resources
          • Helpful Resources
          • Roles and Responsibilities
          • Technical Training
          • Code of Conduct
          • Monthly Planning Calendar
          • Chancellors Regulations
      • Family and Community Engagement (FACE)
      • Family and Community Wellness Collective
      • Family Empowerment
      • Guidance on Public Meetings and School Visits
      • Panel for Educational Policy
        • Panel for Educational Policy
        • Panel Members
          • Panel Members
          • Gregory Faulkner, Chairperson
          • Dr. Angela Green, Vice Chairperson
          • Alan Ong, Engagement Committee Chair
          • Thomas Sheppard
          • Marjorie Dienstag
          • Aaron Bogad
          • Maisha Sapp, Contracts Committee Chair
          • Anita Garcia
          • Anthony Giordano
          • Naveed Hasan, Government Affairs Committee Chair
          • Phoebe Sade-Arnold
          • Shirley Aubin, Appeals Committee Chair
          • Venus Sze-Tsang
          • Amy Fair
          • Alice Ho
          • Marielle Ali
          • Adriana Alicea
          • Camille Casaretti
          • Dr. Darling Miramey
        • Bylaws
        • Meeting Archives
        • Emergency Declarations
        • Meeting Schedule
        • Special Commissions
        • Panel General Elections
      • Parent and Parent Teacher Associations
        • Parent and Parent Teacher Associations
        • Vaccine Fundraiser
      • Parent-Teacher Conferences
      • School Leadership Team
        • School Leadership Team
        • Comprehensive Education Plans
      • School Wellness Councils
  • Calendar
  • TeachHub
  • Employees
NYC Department of education
Submit
Multiple languages available
  • Home
  • Learning
  • Subjects
  • Social Studies
  • Hidden Voices
  • Eunice Foote: The Nearly-Forgotten "Mother of Climate Science"

Eunice Foote: The Nearly-Forgotten "Mother of Climate Science"

Published April 22, 2025

Hidden Voices began as a collaboration with the Museum of the City of New York to help City students learn about the countless individuals who are often “hidden” from traditional historical records. Each of the people highlighted in this series has made a positive impact on their communities while serving as outstanding examples of leadership, advocacy, and community service.

Today, we're sharing the story of Eunice Newton Foote, a groundbreaking amateur scientist, inventor, and women’s rights activist who today is widely considered to be the first person to discover the greenhouse effect, though her work was overlooked for many years.


In 1859, an Irish physicist named John Tyndall conducted a series of experiments in which he passed radiant heat through various gases, including carbon dioxide and water vapor, to demonstrate how these gases trapped heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. The results of those experiments would later serve as the cornerstone of our understanding of climate change. His research earned him widespread recognition in the scientific community at the time. Today, Tyndall is often credited as the “father” of climate science, with his groundbreaking findings often cited as the beginning of the study of greenhouse gases.

For over a century, Tyndall was considered the discoverer of the greenhouse gas effect, and prominent scientific institutions that are dedicated to studying climate science bear his name. But in 2011, this widely accepted belief was turned on its head. It was in that year when a man named Raymond Sorenson—an avid collector of old scientific journals and manuscripts—happened to be leafing through a volume of The Annual of Scientific Discovery published in 1857 and first read the name Eunice Foote.

Screenshot of the short film Eunice (2018) depicting a woman with brown hair in a greenhouse inspecting glass cylinders.
As of 2025, there are no known photographs of the real Eunice Foote. Here, she was portrayed by actress Helen Jessica Liggat in the 2018 short film "Eunice" in the midst of her now-famous experiment.

Foote, as Sorenson would discover, had been conducting her own experiments—three years before Tyndall—demonstrating the same phenomenon that Tyndall would later claim to have discovered.

Using a simple setup—glass cylinders filled with different gases and equipped with thermometers—Foote tested how various gases responded to sunlight. The results were striking: she found that carbon dioxide, in particular, absorbed heat more effectively than other gases. The cylinder containing carbon dioxide warmed much more than those filled with regular air, and it also took longer to cool down once removed from the sun.

Foote’s conclusion was groundbreaking: she suggested that gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor could trap heat in the atmosphere, raising the temperature of the Earth. She concluded, “An atmosphere of that gas would give to our Earth a high temperature… and if as some suppose, at one period of its history the air had mixed with it a larger proportion than at present, an increased temperature…must have necessarily resulted.” This was a pivotal scientific discovery, as Foote was the first person to demonstrate that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

Sorenson, who had never heard of Foote prior to that moment, had seemingly made a discovery of his own: perhaps John Tyndall was not the person who discovered the greenhouse effect after all.

Academics began to research more about the life and work of the previously unknown woman, Eunice Foote, in an attempt to learn more, and to understand how her name—and the scientific discoveries she made—had remained hidden for so long.

Scanned pages from Eunice Foote's paper,
Eunice Foote's 1857 paper, Circumstances Affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays, was originally published in the American Journal of Science. In it, she describes the experiments she conducted that proved that carbon dioxide was a greenhouse gas—a groundbreaking discovery that forms the backbone of climate science today. Source: Climate.gov

Born Eunice Newton in Goshen, Connecticut in 1819, Eunice’s upbringing in a large family was defined by both the challenges and opportunities of the early 19th century. Her father, Isaac Newton (not the same Isaac Newton as the famous physicist, although it is believed they were distant relatives), was a cattle runner, and the family frequently moved to find better opportunities. By the time Eunice was three years old, the family had relocated to Bloomfield, New York. Though it was somewhat uncommon at the time for a family like Eunice’s to have sent their daughters to school, her parents strongly valued education and they were determined to provide her with the best schooling available for girls at the time.

As she got older, Eunice attended the Troy Female Seminary—one of the first institutions in the United States to offer young women an education comparable to that of college-educated men. At the seminary, Eunice was not only taught the typical subjects for women of the time, but also had access to scientific courses and laboratory work. This opportunity gave her the skills and knowledge she would need to pursue her future scientific endeavors.

Black and white sketch of Troy Female Seminary as it looked in the early 1820s.
The Troy Female Seminary depicted around 1822 in its earliest years of operation. The school was one of the first institutions in the country to offer higher education to young women that was comparable to what their male peers were learning at colleges. Source:  Emma Willard and her Pupils, or Fifty Years of Troy Female Seminary 1822-1872

In 1841, Eunice married Elisha Foote, an inventor and lawyer who would go on to become the U.S. Commissioner of Patents, and the couple moved to Seneca Falls, New York. Both Foote and her husband had a passion for science and technology, and the pair frequently collaborated in trying to answer the scientific questions and problems that interested them, including in 1856: as Eunice was conducting her experiments on carbon dioxide, Elisha was engaged in similar studies. 

Later that year, both Foote’s attended the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) to present their findings. However, while Elisha presented his own work, Eunice’s paper was read by a male colleague, Joseph Henry, the first director of the Smithsonian Institution. It is uncertain whether this was because women were forbidden from presenting their own, or if it simply would have been unusual for her to do so. Regardless, Eunice being unable to speak for herself was a strong indication of the prevailing prejudices of the scientific community at the time against women in their field. Henry apparently alluded to this when he introduced Eunice’s work, remarking that “Science was of no country and of no sex. The sphere of woman embraces not only the beautiful and the useful, but the true.”

Foote’s research was published in the American Journal of Science later that year under the title “Circumstances Affecting the Heat of Sun's Rays,” a significant achievement for a woman scientist in the 19th century, alongside of Elisha’s paper. This is an important piece of evidence in a debate that continues amongst historians and scientists today surrounding the question of whether Tyndall knew about Foote’s work when he conducted his own experiments three years later.

Tyndall himself seemed quite sure that he was breaking new ground when he reported on his findings: “nothing, so far as I am aware,” he wrote, “has been published on the transmission of radiant heat through gaseous bodies." While we now know this was not accurate, scholars are divided as to the question of whether Tyndall was lying when he wrote this, or simply unaware.

Black and white photograph of John Tyndall, a man with a large white beard wearing a dark suit with a serious expression.
The physicist John Tyndall was long credited with the discovery of the greenhouse effect, prior to the discovery of Eunice Foote's work. Historians continue to debate whether Tyndall, pictured here, was aware of Foote's experiment or paper prior to publishing his own. Source: NYPL.

Roland Jackson, Tyndall’s biographer, contends that there is no direct evidence that Tyndall was aware of Foote’s work. Jackson argues that the scientific exchange between America and Europe was limited, and Tyndall’s research, conducted independently in England, was likely unaware of Foote's findings, which were not widely circulated in Europe.

Others take a different view, however. Professor John Perlin, for example, argues that Tyndall was likely aware of Foote's experiments, given the overlapping scientific communities of the time and the fact that Tyndall had access to the American Journal of Science, where Foote's paper was published. He points to the fact that Tyndall was an editor for Philosophical Magazine when the publication reprinted a paper by Elisha Foote—the one that was originally published right next to Eunice’s. Perlin believes this indicates it would have been unlikely for Tyndall to have seen and read Elisha’s paper without having seen Eunice’s as well. Tyndall was also known to have held biases against women’s participation and capability in science, adding to the list of reasons why he may have chosen not to credit Foote in his own paper, even if he was aware of her work.

Though it is an interesting debate, it is likely impossible to ever know the truth for certain. Nevertheless, Tyndall still deserves some credit for his own work: while Eunice Foote’s experiments demonstrated that carbon dioxide trapped more heat than other gases, she lacked the resources to explore why this happened. Tyndall’s experiments expanded on Foote's findings by using more advanced equipment and isolating infrared radiation as the key factor in the greenhouse effect. Tyndall’s research also provided a deeper understanding of how different gases, including water vapor, specifically interacted with radiant heat, marking a significant step forward in climate science.

However, it is difficult not to imagine what Eunice could have been, had she lived in a different time: clearly a bright scientific mind, Foote was nevertheless not able to become a professional scientist in the traditional sense. As an amateur, she lacked the resources needed to have conducted experiments like Tyndall’s, in addition to lacking the credibility of her professionally trained peers. Being a woman only exacerbated these issues, and as a result, her work was dismissed or ignored by many established scientists. Perhaps with more resources, education, and respect from the scientific community, her name would not have been lost to history for so long.

That is not to say Foote did not accomplish plenty, even within the confines that she existed in as a woman in the nineteenth century. By the time of her death in 1888, she had filed several patents, one in 1860, for a type of filling for footwear, designed to “prevent the squeaking of boots and shoes.” The second, patented in 1864, was for a machine designed to produce paper with stronger fibers. She also contributed to an invention patented under her husband’s name in 1842—the first thermostatically-controlled cook stove—credited solely to him in part because married women could not defend their patent rights at the time. In fact, of the tens of thousands of patents awarded between 1791 and 1864, only 70 were awarded to women; Eunice Foote was awarded two.

Black and white drawings from a patent for a paper making machine, with the text
These illustrations are from Eunice Foote’s patent for “Improvement in Paper-Making Machines”—one of two patents she received for her inventions, which appear to have been focused on practical, everyday applications. Source: Google Patents

Eunice also helped pave the way for generations of women who would come after her. Living in Seneca Falls, a center for progressive political activity at the time, the Footes were connected to many of the better-known figures from the movements that emerged there. Elisha had learned law from Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s father, for example. It is perhaps unsurprising to learn, then, that Eunice attended the historic 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, where she was the fifth of 68 women to sign the Declaration of Sentiments. The Declaration was a document written by Cady Stanton and other suffragists that demanded equality for women in all aspects of life. The text echoes and expands on the U.S. Declaration of Independence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal.” Foote was also one of a smaller group of women who worked with Frederick Douglass—one of 32 men to sign, along with Elisha Foote, who also attended—to get the Declaration published in his newspaper.

The signatures to the
Eunice was one of 68 women to sign the Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, asserting women's equality in the United States. Source: Library of Congress.

Her activism in the women’s rights movement was as important to her as her scientific endeavors, and both pursuits were closely intertwined. Women’s suffrage was an early step towards increased gender equality in all aspects of life—including in education and science. Yet, as accomplished as she was, Foote was still nearly erased from the historical record—a reminder that women have long played a critical role in shaping science, despite the challenges they have faced in being acknowledged for their discoveries.

Now, over 160 years later, Eunice Foote’s revolutionary contributions are finally being recognized for what they always were: a fundamental piece of the puzzle in understanding the warming of our planet. As scientists today face the growing challenges of combating climate change, it is crucial to remember the pioneers like Foote, whose work laid the groundwork for future generations. 


Sources

  • Abunyewa, A.M. (2023, January 21). Hidden Histories: Eunice Newton Foote: The Woman Who Discovered the Greenhouse Effect. Yale Scientific Magazine. https://www.yalescientific.org/2023/01/hidden-histories-eunice-newton-footethe-woman-who-discovered-the-greenhouse-effect/
  • Brockell, G. (2021, November 17). Did The “Father of Climate Science” Steal His Discovery from Eunice Newton Foote? The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/11/17/eunice-newton-foote-john-tyndall/
  • Foote, E. (1856). Circumstances Affecting the Heat of the Sun’s Rays. In The American Journal of Science and Arts: Vol. XXII. G.P. Putnam & Co. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA382#v=onepage&q&f=false
  • Foote, E. (1864). Improvement In Paper-Making Machines (United States Patent US45149A). https://patents.google.com/patent/US45149A/en
  • Garro, E. (Director). (2018, June). Eunice [Video recording]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxgAOKzOcBU
  • Halley, C. (2019, December 17). How 19th Century Scientists Predicted Global Warming. JSTOR Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/how-19th-century-scientists-predicted-global-warming/
  • Huddleston, A. (2019, July 17). Happy 200th Birthday to Eunice Foote, Hidden Climate Science Pioneer. Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer
  • Hunt, B. (2020, June 30). Signer #5, Eunice Newton Foote: “The Climate Scientist.” 100 Signers Project. https://www.100signersproject.com/signer-profiles/signer-5-eunice-newton-foote-the-climate-scientist
  • Jackson, R. (2019). Eunice Foote, John Tyndall and a Question of Priority. Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science, 74(1), 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0066
  • Joosse, T. (2023, July 12). August 1856: Eunice Foote Concludes That Carbon Dioxide Could Warm the Atmosphere, Three Years Before John Tyndall Did. American Physical Society. https://www.aps.org/apsnews/2023/07/carbon-dioxide-atmosphere-eunice-foote
  • Kurland, Z., & Hafner, K. (2023, November 9). The Woman Who Demonstrated the Greenhouse Effect [Broadcast]. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-woman-who-demonstrated-the-greenhouse-effect/
  • McNeill, L. (2016, December 5). This Suffrage-Supporting Scientist Defined the Greenhouse Effect but Didn’t Get the Credit, Because Sexism. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/lady-scientist-helped-revolutionize-climate-science-didnt-get-credit-180961291/
  • Mitchell, J. (2018, May 10). Righting a Scientific Wrong. UCSB: The Current. https://news.ucsb.edu/2018/018985/righting-scientific-wrong
  • Mitchell, N. (2018, July 14). The Father of Climate Science, My Foote!? A Mystery Revealed [Broadcast]. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/sciencefriction/eunice-foote/9990850
  • Our Roll of Honor. Listing women and men who signed the Declaration of Sentiments at first Woman’s Rights Convention, July 19-20, 1848 (JK1881 .N357 sec. XVI, no. 3-9 NAWSA Coll). (1908). Rare Book and Special Collections Division. https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbcmil.scrp4006701/
  • Parry, J. (2019, March 21). Adrenaline Junkie [Review of The Ascent of John Tyndall: Victorian Scientist, Mountaineer and Public Intellectual, by R. Jackson]. London Review of Books, 41(06). https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v41/n06/jonathan-parry/adrenaline-junkie
  • Perlin, J., & Regan, A. (2019, November). Eunice Foote to UCSB: A Story of Women, Science, and Climate Change. UC Santa Barbara Library. https://spotlight.library.ucsb.edu/starlight/eunice-foote-to-ucsb
  • Resilience. (2019, July 30). A “Foote-Note” on the Hidden History of Climate Science: Why You Have Never Heard of Eunice Foote. Resilience. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2019-07-30/a-foote-note-on-the-hidden-history-of-climate-science-why-you-have-never-heard-of-eunice-foote/
  • Santora, T. (2019, July 17). The Female Scientist Who Discovered the Basics of Climate Science—And Was Forgotten by History. https://www.audubon.org/news/the-female-scientist-who-discovered-basics-climate-science-and-was-forgotten
  • Schwartz, J. (2020, April 21). Overlooked No More: Eunice Foote, Climate Scientist Lost to History. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/21/obituaries/eunice-foote-overlooked.html
  • Science Knows No Gender: Eunice Newton Foote and the Cause of Global Warming. (2020, December 8). [Video recording]. New York State Archives. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7-TxgB4vE8
  • Scientific American. (1856, September 13). Scientific Ladies—Experiments with Condensed Gases. Scientific American, 12, 5.  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924080787660&view=1up&seq=9 
  • Sorenson, R. P. (2011). Eunice Foote’s Pioneering Research on CO2 And Climate Warming; #70092. Search and Discovery. https://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2011/70092sorenson/ndx_sorenson.pdf.html
  • The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. (1999, April 26). Troy Female Seminary [Encyclopedia]. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Troy-Female-Seminary
  • The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, The New York Public Library. (1894). Professor John Tyndall. Retrieved from https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/36cde330-dcf3-0130-1e33-58d385a7b928
  • Unknown. (1898). Troy Female Seminary, 1882 [Sketch]. Fairbanks, Mary J. Mason (Mrs. Abel W.) (1898). Emma Willard and her Pupils or Fifty Years of Troy Female Seminary 1822-1872. New York, New York: Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage. OCLC 6957648. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Troy_Female_Seminary,_1822.jpg
  • Wells, D. A. (Ed.). (1857). Heat of the Sun’s Rays. In The Annual of Scientific Discovery, Or, Year-book of Facts in Science and Art for 1857 (Vol. 8, pp. 159–160). Gould, Kendall, and Lincoln. https://books.google.ca/books?id=xWAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159#v=onepage&q&f=false
  • Welsh, N. (2018, May 10). John Perlin Rediscovers Feminist Crusader Who Discovered Climate Change. The Santa Barbara Independent. https://www.independent.com/2018/05/10/john-perlin-rediscovers-feminist-crusader-who-discovered-climate-change/
  • Wilkinson, K. (2019, July 17). Why History Forgot the Woman Who Discovered the Cause of Global Warming. TIME. https://time.com/5626806/eunice-foote-women-climate-science/

Technology for families

Students

Access all your DOE applications – TeachHub, Google, iLearnNYC, Microsoft Office, Zoom, and more–from one place.

SupportHub

Need technical support? Visit the SupportHub for answers to common questions and to open a support ticket.

NYC Schools Account (NYCSA)

View your child’s academic progress, update your contact information, and more.

Parent University

Parent University seeks to educate and empower families through free courses, resources, events, and activities.

MySchools

Apply to grades 3-K –12, explore and compare schools, and more.

Expand Footer Collapse Footer
New York City Department of Education

Enrollment

  • Enroll Grade by Grade
  • Enrollment Help
  • Enroll in Charter Schools
  • Summer
  • Other Ways to Graduate

Learning

  • Special Education
  • Multilingual Learners
  • Digital Learning
  • Subjects
  • Testing
  • Student Journey
  • Programs

School Life

  • Accessibility at the DOE
  • Health and Wellness
  • Food
  • Transportation
  • Know Your Rights
  • School Environment
  • Safe Schools
  • Special Situations
  • Space and Facilities

Connect with NYC DOE

  • Employees
  • Careers
  • About Us
  • News
  • Calendar
  • Messages for Families
  • InfoHub
NYC Public Schools logo

Copyright ©  New York City Department of Education.

Sitemap | Privacy Policy
X icon YouTube Facebook Instagram
Follow Us
  • (Open external link)
  • (Open external link)
  • (Open external link)
  • (Open external link)
Top